Merge ac410f1354 into fbc66e3ab3

- Forces spawning independent subprocesses for exes bundled with PyInstaller>=6.10
- Fixes regression introduced in fb8b7f226d
- Ref: https://pyinstaller.org/en/v6.10.0/CHANGES.html#incompatible-changes

Closes #11259
Authored by: bashonly, Grub4K

Co-authored-by: Simon Sawicki <contact@grub4k.xyz>

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       contents: read
       actions: write  # For cleaning up cache
-    runs-on: macos-12
+    runs-on: macos-13
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ jobs:
   macos_legacy:
     needs: process
     if: inputs.macos_legacy
-    runs-on: macos-12
+    runs-on: macos-13
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4

README.md

@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ ### Related scripts
 * **`devscripts/update-version.py`** - Update the version number based on the current date.
 * **`devscripts/set-variant.py`** - Set the build variant of the executable.
 * **`devscripts/make_changelog.py`** - Create a markdown changelog using short commit messages and update `CONTRIBUTORS` file.
-* **`devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py`** - Create lazy extractors. Running this before building the binaries (any variant) will improve their startup performance. Set the environment variable `YTDLP_NO_LAZY_EXTRACTORS=1` if you wish to forcefully disable lazy extractor loading.
+* **`devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py`** - Create lazy extractors. Running this before building the binaries (any variant) will improve their startup performance. Set the environment variable `YTDLP_NO_LAZY_EXTRACTORS` to something nonempty to forcefully disable lazy extractor loading.
 
 Note: See their `--help` for more info.
 
@@ -1795,6 +1795,7 @@ #### generic
 * `key_query`: Passthrough the master m3u8 URL query to its HLS AES-128 decryption key URI if no value is provided, or else apply the query string given as `key_query=VALUE`. Note that this will have no effect if the key URI is provided via the `hls_key` extractor-arg. Does not apply to ffmpeg
 * `hls_key`: An HLS AES-128 key URI *or* key (as hex), and optionally the IV (as hex), in the form of `(URI|KEY)[,IV]`; e.g. `generic:hls_key=ABCDEF1234567980,0xFEDCBA0987654321`. Passing any of these values will force usage of the native HLS downloader and override the corresponding values found in the m3u8 playlist
 * `is_live`: Bypass live HLS detection and manually set `live_status` - a value of `false` will set `not_live`, any other value (or no value) will set `is_live`
+* `impersonate`: Target(s) to try and impersonate with the initial webpage request; e.g. `safari,chrome-110`. By default any available target will be used. Use `false` to disable impersonation
 
 #### funimation
 * `language`: Audio languages to extract, e.g. `funimation:language=english,japanese`
@@ -1897,6 +1898,7 @@ # PLUGINS
                 myplugin.py
 
 yt-dlp looks for these `yt_dlp_plugins` namespace folders in many locations (see below) and loads in plugins from **all** of them.
+Set the environment variable `YTDLP_NO_PLUGINS` to something nonempty to disable loading plugins entirely.
 
 See the [wiki for some known plugins](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/Plugins)
 

devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
-import shutil
 import sys
 
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
@@ -34,18 +33,14 @@ class {name}({bases}):
 
 
 def main():
+    os.environ['YTDLP_NO_PLUGINS'] = 'true'
+    os.environ['YTDLP_NO_LAZY_EXTRACTORS'] = 'true'
+
     lazy_extractors_filename = get_filename_args(default_outfile='yt_dlp/extractor/lazy_extractors.py')
-    if os.path.exists(lazy_extractors_filename):
-        os.remove(lazy_extractors_filename)
 
-    _ALL_CLASSES = get_all_ies()  # Must be before import
+    from yt_dlp.extractor.extractors import _ALL_CLASSES
-
-    import yt_dlp.plugins
     from yt_dlp.extractor.common import InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor
 
-    # Filter out plugins
-    _ALL_CLASSES = [cls for cls in _ALL_CLASSES if not cls.__module__.startswith(f'{yt_dlp.plugins.PACKAGE_NAME}.')]
-
     DummyInfoExtractor = type('InfoExtractor', (InfoExtractor,), {'IE_NAME': NO_ATTR})
     module_src = '\n'.join((
         MODULE_TEMPLATE,
@@ -58,20 +53,6 @@ def main():
     write_file(lazy_extractors_filename, f'{module_src}\n')
 
 
-def get_all_ies():
-    PLUGINS_DIRNAME = 'ytdlp_plugins'
-    BLOCKED_DIRNAME = f'{PLUGINS_DIRNAME}_blocked'
-    if os.path.exists(PLUGINS_DIRNAME):
-        # os.rename cannot be used, e.g. in Docker. See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/4958
-        shutil.move(PLUGINS_DIRNAME, BLOCKED_DIRNAME)
-    try:
-        from yt_dlp.extractor.extractors import _ALL_CLASSES
-    finally:
-        if os.path.exists(BLOCKED_DIRNAME):
-            shutil.move(BLOCKED_DIRNAME, PLUGINS_DIRNAME)
-    return _ALL_CLASSES
-
-
 def extra_ie_code(ie, base=None):
     for var in STATIC_CLASS_PROPERTIES:
         val = getattr(ie, var)

devscripts/run_tests.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 def parse_args():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Run selected yt-dlp tests')
     parser.add_argument(
-        'test', help='a extractor tests, or one of "core" or "download"', nargs='*')
+        'test', help='an extractor test, test path, or one of "core" or "download"', nargs='*')
     parser.add_argument(
         '-k', help='run a test matching EXPRESSION. Same as "pytest -k"', metavar='EXPRESSION')
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ def parse_args():
 def run_tests(*tests, pattern=None, ci=False):
     run_core = 'core' in tests or (not pattern and not tests)
     run_download = 'download' in tests
-    tests = list(map(fix_test_name, tests))
 
     pytest_args = args.pytest_args or os.getenv('HATCH_TEST_ARGS', '')
     arguments = ['pytest', '-Werror', '--tb=short', *shlex.split(pytest_args)]
@@ -41,7 +40,9 @@ def run_tests(*tests, pattern=None, ci=False):
         arguments.extend(['-m', 'download'])
     else:
         arguments.extend(
-            f'test/test_download.py::TestDownload::test_{test}' for test in tests)
+            test if '/' in test
+            else f'test/test_download.py::TestDownload::test_{fix_test_name(test)}'
+            for test in tests)
 
     print(f'Running {arguments}', flush=True)
     try:

test/test_traversal.py

@@ -4,8 +4,18 @@
 
 import pytest
 
-from yt_dlp.utils import dict_get, int_or_none, str_or_none
+from yt_dlp.utils import (
-from yt_dlp.utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+    ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
+    dict_get,
+    int_or_none,
+    str_or_none,
+)
+from yt_dlp.utils.traversal import (
+    traverse_obj,
+    require,
+    subs_list_to_dict,
+)
 
 _TEST_DATA = {
     100: 100,
@@ -420,6 +430,71 @@ def test_traversal_morsel(self):
         assert traverse_obj(morsel, [(None,), any]) == morsel, \
             'Morsel should not be implicitly changed to dict on usage'
 
+    def test_traversal_filter(self):
+        data = [None, False, True, 0, 1, 0.0, 1.1, '', 'str', {}, {0: 0}, [], [1]]
+
+        assert traverse_obj(data, [..., filter]) == [True, 1, 1.1, 'str', {0: 0}, [1]], \
+            '`filter` should filter falsy values'
+
+
+class TestTraversalHelpers:
+    def test_traversal_require(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ExtractorError):
+            traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ['None', {require('value')}])
+        assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ['str', {require('value')}]) == 'str', \
+            '`require` should pass through non `None` values'
+
+    def test_subs_list_to_dict(self):
+        assert traverse_obj([
+            {'name': 'de', 'url': 'https://example.com/subs/de.vtt'},
+            {'name': 'en', 'url': 'https://example.com/subs/en1.ass'},
+            {'name': 'en', 'url': 'https://example.com/subs/en2.ass'},
+        ], [..., {
+            'id': 'name',
+            'url': 'url',
+        }, all, {subs_list_to_dict}]) == {
+            'de': [{'url': 'https://example.com/subs/de.vtt'}],
+            'en': [
+                {'url': 'https://example.com/subs/en1.ass'},
+                {'url': 'https://example.com/subs/en2.ass'},
+            ],
+        }, 'function should build subtitle dict from list of subtitles'
+        assert traverse_obj([
+            {'name': 'de', 'url': 'https://example.com/subs/de.ass'},
+            {'name': 'de'},
+            {'name': 'en', 'content': 'content'},
+            {'url': 'https://example.com/subs/en'},
+        ], [..., {
+            'id': 'name',
+            'data': 'content',
+            'url': 'url',
+        }, all, {subs_list_to_dict}]) == {
+            'de': [{'url': 'https://example.com/subs/de.ass'}],
+            'en': [{'data': 'content'}],
+        }, 'subs with mandatory items missing should be filtered'
+        assert traverse_obj([
+            {'url': 'https://example.com/subs/de.ass', 'name': 'de'},
+            {'url': 'https://example.com/subs/en', 'name': 'en'},
+        ], [..., {
+            'id': 'name',
+            'ext': ['url', {lambda x: determine_ext(x, default_ext=None)}],
+            'url': 'url',
+        }, all, {subs_list_to_dict(ext='ext')}]) == {
+            'de': [{'url': 'https://example.com/subs/de.ass', 'ext': 'ass'}],
+            'en': [{'url': 'https://example.com/subs/en', 'ext': 'ext'}],
+        }, '`ext` should set default ext but leave existing value untouched'
+        assert traverse_obj([
+            {'name': 'en', 'url': 'https://example.com/subs/en2', 'prio': True},
+            {'name': 'en', 'url': 'https://example.com/subs/en1', 'prio': False},
+        ], [..., {
+            'id': 'name',
+            'quality': ['prio', {int}],
+            'url': 'url',
+        }, all, {subs_list_to_dict(ext='ext')}]) == {'en': [
+            {'url': 'https://example.com/subs/en1', 'ext': 'ext'},
+            {'url': 'https://example.com/subs/en2', 'ext': 'ext'},
+        ]}, '`quality` key should sort subtitle list accordingly'
+
 
 class TestDictGet:
     def test_dict_get(self):

test/test_utils.py

@@ -221,9 +221,10 @@ def test_sanitize_ids(self):
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_filename('N0Y__7-UOdI', is_id=True), 'N0Y__7-UOdI')
 
     def test_sanitize_path(self):
-        if sys.platform != 'win32':
+        with unittest.mock.patch('sys.platform', 'win32'):
-            return
+            self._test_sanitize_path()
 
+    def _test_sanitize_path(self):
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('abc'), 'abc')
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('abc/def'), 'abc\\def')
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('abc\\def'), 'abc\\def')
@@ -256,6 +257,11 @@ def test_sanitize_path(self):
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('./abc'), 'abc')
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('./../abc'), '..\\abc')
 
+        self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('\\abc'), '\\abc')
+        self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('C:abc'), 'C:abc')
+        self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('C:abc\\..\\'), 'C:..')
+        self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('C:\\abc:%(title)s.%(ext)s'), 'C:\\abc#%(title)s.%(ext)s')
+
     def test_sanitize_url(self):
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_url('//foo.bar'), 'http://foo.bar')
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_url('httpss://foo.bar'), 'https://foo.bar')

yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py

@@ -4070,6 +4070,10 @@ def get_encoding(stream):
 
         write_debug(f'Proxy map: {self.proxies}')
         write_debug(f'Request Handlers: {", ".join(rh.RH_NAME for rh in self._request_director.handlers.values())}')
+        if os.environ.get('YTDLP_NO_PLUGINS'):
+            write_debug('Plugins are forcibly disabled')
+            return
+
         for plugin_type, plugins in {'Extractor': plugin_ies, 'Post-Processor': plugin_pps}.items():
             display_list = ['{}{}'.format(
                 klass.__name__, '' if klass.__name__ == name else f' as {name}')
@@ -4120,7 +4124,8 @@ def cookiejar(self):
                 self.params.get('cookiefile'), self.params.get('cookiesfrombrowser'), self)
         except CookieLoadError as error:
             cause = error.__context__
-            self.report_error(str(cause), tb=''.join(traceback.format_exception(cause)))
+            # compat: <=py3.9: `traceback.format_exception` has a different signature
+            self.report_error(str(cause), tb=''.join(traceback.format_exception(None, cause, cause.__traceback__)))
             raise
 
     @property

yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py

@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@
 from .amazonminitv import (
     AmazonMiniTVIE,
     AmazonMiniTVSeasonIE,
-    AmazonMiniTVSeriesIE,
 )
 from .amcnetworks import AMCNetworksIE
 from .americastestkitchen import (

yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py

@@ -1355,6 +1355,7 @@
 class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with BaseIE/InfoExtractor
     _SERVICE_PROVIDER_TEMPLATE = 'https://sp.auth.adobe.com/adobe-services/%s'
     _USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; rv:47.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/47.0'
+    _MODERN_USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; rv:131.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/131.0'
     _MVPD_CACHE = 'ap-mvpd'
 
     _DOWNLOADING_LOGIN_PAGE = 'Downloading Provider Login Page'
@@ -1454,7 +1455,11 @@ def extract_redirect_url(html, url=None, fatal=False):
                             'no_iframe': 'false',
                             'domain_name': 'adobe.com',
                             'redirect_url': url,
-                        })
+                        }, headers={
+                            # yt-dlp's default user-agent is usually too old for Comcast_SSO
+                            # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10848
+                            'User-Agent': self._MODERN_USER_AGENT,
+                        } if mso_id == 'Comcast_SSO' else None)
                 elif not self._cookies_passed:
                     raise_mvpd_required()
 

yt_dlp/extractor/amazonminitv.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import json
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, int_or_none, traverse_obj, try_get
 
@@ -9,35 +7,28 @@ def _real_initialize(self):
         self._download_webpage(
             'https://www.amazon.in/minitv', None,
             note='Fetching guest session cookies')
-        AmazonMiniTVBaseIE.session_id = self._get_cookies('https://www.amazon.in')['session-id'].value
+        AmazonMiniTVBaseIE.urtk = self._get_cookies('https://www.amazon.in')['urtk'].value
 
     def _call_api(self, asin, data=None, note=None):
-        device = {'clientId': 'ATVIN', 'deviceLocale': 'en_GB'}
+        query = {
+            'contentId': asin,
+        }
         if data:
-            data['variables'].update({
+            query.update(data)
-                'contentType': 'VOD',
-                'sessionIdToken': self.session_id,
-                **device,
-            })
 
         resp = self._download_json(
-            f'https://www.amazon.in/minitv/api/web/{"graphql" if data else "prs"}',
+            'https://www.amazon.in/minitv-pr/api/web/page/title',
             asin, note=note, headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                'accounttype': 'NEW_GUEST_ACCOUNT',
                 'currentpageurl': '/',
                 'currentplatform': 'dWeb',
-            }, data=json.dumps(data).encode() if data else None,
+            }, data=None,
-            query=None if data else {
+            query=query)
-                'deviceType': 'A1WMMUXPCUJL4N',
-                'contentId': asin,
-                **device,
-            })
 
         if resp.get('errors'):
             raise ExtractorError(f'MiniTV said: {resp["errors"][0]["message"]}')
-        elif not data:
+        return resp
-            return resp
-        return resp['data'][data['operationName']]
 
 
 class AmazonMiniTVIE(AmazonMiniTVBaseIE):
@@ -89,104 +80,46 @@ class AmazonMiniTVIE(AmazonMiniTVBaseIE):
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
-    _GRAPHQL_QUERY_CONTENT = '''
-query content($sessionIdToken: String!, $deviceLocale: String, $contentId: ID!, $contentType: ContentType!, $clientId: String) {
-  content(
-    applicationContextInput: {deviceLocale: $deviceLocale, sessionIdToken: $sessionIdToken, clientId: $clientId}
-    contentId: $contentId
-    contentType: $contentType
-  ) {
-    contentId
-    name
-    ... on Episode {
-      contentId
-      vodType
-      name
-      images
-      description {
-        synopsis
-        contentLengthInSeconds
-      }
-      publicReleaseDateUTC
-      audioTracks
-      seasonId
-      seriesId
-      seriesName
-      seasonNumber
-      episodeNumber
-      timecode {
-        endCreditsTime
-      }
-    }
-    ... on MovieContent {
-      contentId
-      vodType
-      name
-      description {
-        synopsis
-        contentLengthInSeconds
-      }
-      images
-      publicReleaseDateUTC
-      audioTracks
-    }
-  }
-}'''
-
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         asin = f'amzn1.dv.gti.{self._match_id(url)}'
         prs = self._call_api(asin, note='Downloading playback info')
+        playback_info = traverse_obj(prs, ('widgets', 0, 'data', 'playbackAssets', 'manifestData'))
+        title_info = traverse_obj(prs, ('widgets', 0, 'data', 'contentDetails'))
+        title_info_ = traverse_obj(prs, ('metaData', 'contentDetails'))
 
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
-        for type_, asset in prs['playbackAssets'].items():
+        for mpd in playback_info:
-            if not traverse_obj(asset, 'manifestUrl'):
+            mpd_fmts, mpd_subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
-                continue
+                mpd['manifestURL'], asin, mpd_id=mpd['codec'], fatal=False)
-            if type_ == 'hls':
+            formats.extend(mpd_fmts)
-                m3u8_fmts, m3u8_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+            subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, mpd_subs)
-                    asset['manifestUrl'], asin, ext='mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id=type_, fatal=False)
-                formats.extend(m3u8_fmts)
-                subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, m3u8_subs)
-            elif type_ == 'dash':
-                mpd_fmts, mpd_subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
-                    asset['manifestUrl'], asin, mpd_id=type_, fatal=False)
-                formats.extend(mpd_fmts)
-                subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, mpd_subs)
-            else:
-                self.report_warning(f'Unknown asset type: {type_}')
 
-        title_info = self._call_api(
+        credits_time = try_get(title_info, lambda x: x['skipData']['INTRO']['endTime'])
-            asin, note='Downloading title info', data={
+        is_episode = title_info_.get('vodType') == 'EPISODE'
-                'operationName': 'content',
-                'variables': {'contentId': asin},
-                'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY_CONTENT,
-            })
-        credits_time = try_get(title_info, lambda x: x['timecode']['endCreditsTime'] / 1000)
-        is_episode = title_info.get('vodType') == 'EPISODE'
 
         return {
             'id': asin,
-            'title': title_info.get('name'),
+            'title': title_info_.get('name'),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             'language': traverse_obj(title_info, ('audioTracks', 0)),
             'thumbnails': [{
-                'id': type_,
+                'id': 'imageSrc',
-                'url': url,
+                'url': title_info_.get('imageSrc'),
-            } for type_, url in (title_info.get('images') or {}).items()],
+            }] if title_info_.get('imageSrc') else [],
-            'description': traverse_obj(title_info, ('description', 'synopsis')),
+            'description': traverse_obj(title_info_, ('synopsis')),
-            'release_timestamp': int_or_none(try_get(title_info, lambda x: x['publicReleaseDateUTC'] / 1000)),
+            'release_timestamp': int_or_none(try_get(title_info_, lambda x: x['publicReleaseDateUTC'] / 1000)),
-            'duration': traverse_obj(title_info, ('description', 'contentLengthInSeconds')),
+            'duration': traverse_obj(title_info_, ('contentLengthInSeconds')),
             'chapters': [{
                 'start_time': credits_time,
                 'title': 'End Credits',
             }] if credits_time else [],
-            'series': title_info.get('seriesName'),
+            'series': title_info_.get('seasonName') if is_episode else None,
-            'series_id': title_info.get('seriesId'),
+            'series_id': title_info.get('seriesId') if is_episode else None,
-            'season_number': title_info.get('seasonNumber'),
+            'season_number': title_info.get('seasonNumber') if is_episode else None,
-            'season_id': title_info.get('seasonId'),
+            'season_id': title_info.get('seasonId') if is_episode else None,
             'episode': title_info.get('name') if is_episode else None,
-            'episode_number': title_info.get('episodeNumber'),
+            'episode_number': title_info.get('episodeNumber') if is_episode else None,
             'episode_id': asin if is_episode else None,
         }
 
@@ -206,88 +139,17 @@ class AmazonMiniTVSeasonIE(AmazonMiniTVBaseIE):
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
-    _GRAPHQL_QUERY = '''
-query getEpisodes($sessionIdToken: String!, $clientId: String, $episodeOrSeasonId: ID!, $deviceLocale: String) {
-  getEpisodes(
-    applicationContextInput: {sessionIdToken: $sessionIdToken, deviceLocale: $deviceLocale, clientId: $clientId}
-    episodeOrSeasonId: $episodeOrSeasonId
-  ) {
-    episodes {
-      ... on Episode {
-        contentId
-        name
-        images
-        seriesName
-        seasonId
-        seriesId
-        seasonNumber
-        episodeNumber
-        description {
-          synopsis
-          contentLengthInSeconds
-        }
-        publicReleaseDateUTC
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-'''
-
     def _entries(self, asin):
         season_info = self._call_api(
-            asin, note='Downloading season info', data={
+            asin, note='Downloading season info',
-                'operationName': 'getEpisodes',
+            data={'cursor': '8e0cefec-e190-46ba-854d-1f3ca7978b4a:::'},
-                'variables': {'episodeOrSeasonId': asin},
+        )
-                'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY,
-            })
 
-        for episode in season_info['episodes']:
+        for season in season_info['widgets'][0]['data']['options']:
-            yield self.url_result(
+            if season['active']:
-                f'amazonminitv:{episode["contentId"]}', AmazonMiniTVIE, episode['contentId'])
+                for episode in season['value']['data']['widgets'][0]['data']['widgets']:
-
+                    yield self.url_result(
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
+                        f'amazonminitv:{episode["data"]["contentId"]}', AmazonMiniTVIE, episode['data']['contentId'])
-        asin = f'amzn1.dv.gti.{self._match_id(url)}'
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(asin), asin)
-
-
-class AmazonMiniTVSeriesIE(AmazonMiniTVBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'amazonminitv:series'
-    _VALID_URL = r'amazonminitv:series:(?:amzn1\.dv\.gti\.)?(?P<id>[a-f0-9-]+)'
-    IE_DESC = 'Amazon MiniTV Series, "minitv:series:" prefix'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'amazonminitv:series:amzn1.dv.gti.56521d46-b040-4fd5-872e-3e70476a04b0',
-        'playlist_mincount': 3,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'amzn1.dv.gti.56521d46-b040-4fd5-872e-3e70476a04b0',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'amazonminitv:series:56521d46-b040-4fd5-872e-3e70476a04b0',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    _GRAPHQL_QUERY = '''
-query getSeasons($sessionIdToken: String!, $deviceLocale: String, $episodeOrSeasonOrSeriesId: ID!, $clientId: String) {
-  getSeasons(
-    applicationContextInput: {deviceLocale: $deviceLocale, sessionIdToken: $sessionIdToken, clientId: $clientId}
-    episodeOrSeasonOrSeriesId: $episodeOrSeasonOrSeriesId
-  ) {
-    seasons {
-      seasonId
-    }
-  }
-}
-'''
-
-    def _entries(self, asin):
-        season_info = self._call_api(
-            asin, note='Downloading series info', data={
-                'operationName': 'getSeasons',
-                'variables': {'episodeOrSeasonOrSeriesId': asin},
-                'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY,
-            })
-
-        for season in season_info['seasons']:
-            yield self.url_result(f'amazonminitv:season:{season["seasonId"]}', AmazonMiniTVSeasonIE, season['seasonId'])
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         asin = f'amzn1.dv.gti.{self._match_id(url)}'

yt_dlp/extractor/common.py

@@ -573,13 +573,13 @@ class InfoExtractor:
 
     def _login_hint(self, method=NO_DEFAULT, netrc=None):
         password_hint = f'--username and --password, --netrc-cmd, or --netrc ({netrc or self._NETRC_MACHINE}) to provide account credentials'
+        cookies_hint = 'See  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/FAQ#how-do-i-pass-cookies-to-yt-dlp  for how to manually pass cookies'
         return {
             None: '',
-            'any': f'Use --cookies, --cookies-from-browser, {password_hint}',
+            'any': f'Use --cookies, --cookies-from-browser, {password_hint}. {cookies_hint}',
             'password': f'Use {password_hint}',
-            'cookies': (
+            'cookies': f'Use --cookies-from-browser or --cookies for the authentication. {cookies_hint}',
-                'Use --cookies-from-browser or --cookies for the authentication. '
+            'session_cookies': f'Use --cookies for the authentication (--cookies-from-browser might not work). {cookies_hint}',
-                'See  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/FAQ#how-do-i-pass-cookies-to-yt-dlp  for how to manually pass cookies'),
         }[method if method is not NO_DEFAULT else 'any' if self.supports_login() else 'cookies']
 
     def __init__(self, downloader=None):

yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 from .commonprotocols import RtmpIE
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from ..compat import compat_etree_fromstring
+from ..networking.impersonate import ImpersonateTarget
 from ..utils import (
     KNOWN_EXTENSIONS,
     MEDIA_EXTENSIONS,
@@ -2373,6 +2374,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         else:
             video_id = self._generic_id(url)
 
+        # Try to impersonate a web-browser by default if possible
+        # Skip impersonation if not available to omit the warning
+        impersonate = self._configuration_arg('impersonate', [''])
+        if 'false' in impersonate or not self._downloader._impersonate_target_available(ImpersonateTarget()):
+            impersonate = None
+
         # Some webservers may serve compressed content of rather big size (e.g. gzipped flac)
         # making it impossible to download only chunk of the file (yet we need only 512kB to
         # test whether it's HTML or not). According to yt-dlp default Accept-Encoding
@@ -2384,7 +2391,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         full_response = self._request_webpage(url, video_id, headers=filter_dict({
             'Accept-Encoding': 'identity',
             'Referer': smuggled_data.get('referer'),
-        }))
+        }), impersonate=impersonate)
         new_url = full_response.url
         if new_url != extract_basic_auth(url)[0]:
             self.report_following_redirect(new_url)

yt_dlp/extractor/reddit.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import json
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@
 
 class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'reddit'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?P<host>(?:\w+\.)?reddit(?:media)?\.com)/(?P<slug>(?:(?:r|user)/[^/]+/)?comments/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:\w+\.)?reddit(?:media)?\.com/(?P<slug>(?:(?:r|user)/[^/]+/)?comments/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/6rrwyj/that_small_heart_attack/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -251,15 +252,15 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, video_id):
             return {'en': [{'url': caption_url}]}
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        host, slug, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('host', 'slug', 'id')
+        slug, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('slug', 'id')
 
-        data = self._download_json(
+        try:
-            f'https://{host}/{slug}/.json', video_id, fatal=False, expected_status=403)
-        if not data:
-            fallback_host = 'old.reddit.com' if host != 'old.reddit.com' else 'www.reddit.com'
-            self.to_screen(f'{host} request failed, retrying with {fallback_host}')
             data = self._download_json(
-                f'https://{fallback_host}/{slug}/.json', video_id, expected_status=403)
+                f'https://www.reddit.com/{slug}/.json', video_id, expected_status=403)
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.cause, json.JSONDecodeError):
+                self.raise_login_required('Account authentication is required')
+            raise
 
         if traverse_obj(data, 'error') == 403:
             reason = data.get('reason')

yt_dlp/plugins.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 import importlib.util
 import inspect
 import itertools
+import os
 import pkgutil
 import sys
 import traceback
@@ -137,6 +138,8 @@ def load_module(module, module_name, suffix):
 
 def load_plugins(name, suffix):
     classes = {}
+    if os.environ.get('YTDLP_NO_PLUGINS'):
+        return classes
 
     for finder, module_name, _ in iter_modules(name):
         if any(x.startswith('_') for x in module_name.split('.')):

yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py

@@ -664,31 +664,51 @@ def replace_insane(char):
     return result
 
 
+def _sanitize_path_parts(parts):
+    sanitized_parts = []
+    for part in parts:
+        if not part or part == '.':
+            continue
+        elif part == '..':
+            if sanitized_parts and sanitized_parts[-1] != '..':
+                sanitized_parts.pop()
+            sanitized_parts.append('..')
+            continue
+        # Replace invalid segments with `#`
+        # - trailing dots and spaces (`asdf...` => `asdf..#`)
+        # - invalid chars (`<>` => `##`)
+        sanitized_part = re.sub(r'[/<>:"\|\\?\*]|[\s.]$', '#', part)
+        sanitized_parts.append(sanitized_part)
+
+    return sanitized_parts
+
+
 def sanitize_path(s, force=False):
     """Sanitizes and normalizes path on Windows"""
-    # XXX: this handles drive relative paths (c:sth) incorrectly
+    if sys.platform != 'win32':
-    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        if not force:
-        force = False
+            return s
-        drive_or_unc, _ = os.path.splitdrive(s)
+        root = '/' if s.startswith('/') else ''
-    elif force:
+        return root + '/'.join(_sanitize_path_parts(s.split('/')))
-        drive_or_unc = ''
-    else:
-        return s
 
-    norm_path = os.path.normpath(remove_start(s, drive_or_unc)).split(os.path.sep)
+    normed = s.replace('/', '\\')
-    if drive_or_unc:
+
-        norm_path.pop(0)
+    if normed.startswith('\\\\'):
-    sanitized_path = [
+        # UNC path (`\\SERVER\SHARE`) or device path (`\\.`, `\\?`)
-        path_part if path_part in ['.', '..'] else re.sub(r'(?:[/<>:"\|\\?\*]|[\s.]$)', '#', path_part)
+        parts = normed.split('\\')
-        for path_part in norm_path]
+        root = '\\'.join(parts[:4]) + '\\'
-    if drive_or_unc:
+        parts = parts[4:]
-        sanitized_path.insert(0, drive_or_unc + os.path.sep)
+    elif normed[1:2] == ':':
-    elif force and s and s[0] == os.path.sep:
+        # absolute path or drive relative path
-        sanitized_path.insert(0, os.path.sep)
+        offset = 3 if normed[2:3] == '\\' else 2
-    # TODO: Fix behavioral differences <3.12
+        root = normed[:offset]
-    # The workaround using `normpath` only superficially passes tests
+        parts = normed[offset:].split('\\')
-    # Ref: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/100351
+    else:
-    return os.path.normpath(os.path.join(*sanitized_path))
+        # relative/drive root relative path
+        root = '\\' if normed[:1] == '\\' else ''
+        parts = normed.split('\\')
+
+    return root + '\\'.join(_sanitize_path_parts(parts))
 
 
 def sanitize_url(url, *, scheme='http'):
@@ -804,14 +824,18 @@ class Popen(subprocess.Popen):
         _startupinfo = None
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _fix_pyinstaller_ld_path(env):
+    def _fix_pyinstaller_issues(env):
-        """Restore LD_LIBRARY_PATH when using PyInstaller
-            Ref: https://github.com/pyinstaller/pyinstaller/blob/develop/doc/runtime-information.rst#ld_library_path--libpath-considerations
-                 https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4573
-        """
         if not hasattr(sys, '_MEIPASS'):
             return
 
+        # Force spawning independent subprocesses for exes bundled with PyInstaller>=6.10
+        # Ref: https://pyinstaller.org/en/v6.10.0/CHANGES.html#incompatible-changes
+        #      https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11259
+        env['PYINSTALLER_RESET_ENVIRONMENT'] = '1'
+
+        # Restore LD_LIBRARY_PATH when using PyInstaller
+        # Ref: https://pyinstaller.org/en/v6.10.0/runtime-information.html#ld-library-path-libpath-considerations
+        #      https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4573
         def _fix(key):
             orig = env.get(f'{key}_ORIG')
             if orig is None:
@@ -825,7 +849,7 @@ def _fix(key):
     def __init__(self, args, *remaining, env=None, text=False, shell=False, **kwargs):
         if env is None:
             env = os.environ.copy()
-        self._fix_pyinstaller_ld_path(env)
+        self._fix_pyinstaller_issues(env)
 
         self.__text_mode = kwargs.get('encoding') or kwargs.get('errors') or text or kwargs.get('universal_newlines')
         if text is True:
@@ -1964,11 +1988,30 @@ def urljoin(base, path):
     return urllib.parse.urljoin(base, path)
 
 
-def int_or_none(v, scale=1, default=None, get_attr=None, invscale=1):
+def partial_application(func):
+    sig = inspect.signature(func)
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            sig.bind(*args, **kwargs)
+        except TypeError:
+            return functools.partial(func, *args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+@partial_application
+def int_or_none(v, scale=1, default=None, get_attr=None, invscale=1, base=None):
     if get_attr and v is not None:
         v = getattr(v, get_attr, None)
+    if invscale == 1 and scale < 1:
+        invscale = int(1 / scale)
+        scale = 1
     try:
-        return int(v) * invscale // scale
+        return (int(v) if base is None else int(v, base=base)) * invscale // scale
     except (ValueError, TypeError, OverflowError):
         return default
 
@@ -1986,9 +2029,13 @@ def str_to_int(int_str):
         return int_or_none(int_str)
 
 
+@partial_application
 def float_or_none(v, scale=1, invscale=1, default=None):
     if v is None:
         return default
+    if invscale == 1 and scale < 1:
+        invscale = int(1 / scale)
+        scale = 1
     try:
         return float(v) * invscale / scale
     except (ValueError, TypeError):

yt_dlp/utils/traversal.py

@@ -1,18 +1,35 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
 import collections.abc
 import contextlib
+import functools
 import http.cookies
 import inspect
 import itertools
 import re
+import typing
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from ._utils import (
     IDENTITY,
     NO_DEFAULT,
+    ExtractorError,
     LazyList,
     deprecation_warning,
+    get_elements_html_by_class,
+    get_elements_html_by_attribute,
+    get_elements_by_attribute,
+    get_element_html_by_attribute,
+    get_element_by_attribute,
+    get_element_html_by_id,
+    get_element_by_id,
+    get_element_html_by_class,
+    get_elements_by_class,
+    get_element_text_and_html_by_tag,
     is_iterable_like,
     try_call,
+    url_or_none,
     variadic,
 )
 
@@ -54,6 +71,7 @@ def traverse_obj(
                             Read as: `{key: traverse_obj(obj, path) for key, path in dct.items()}`.
         - `any`-builtin:    Take the first matching object and return it, resetting branching.
         - `all`-builtin:    Take all matching objects and return them as a list, resetting branching.
+        - `filter`-builtin: Return the value if it is truthy, `None` otherwise.
 
         `tuple`, `list`, and `dict` all support nested paths and branches.
 
@@ -247,6 +265,10 @@ def apply_path(start_obj, path, test_type):
                     objs = (list(filtered_objs),)
                 continue
 
+            if key is filter:
+                objs = filter(None, objs)
+                continue
+
             if __debug__ and callable(key):
                 # Verify function signature
                 inspect.signature(key).bind(None, None)
@@ -277,13 +299,143 @@ def _traverse_obj(obj, path, allow_empty, test_type):
         return results[0] if results else {} if allow_empty and is_dict else None
 
     for index, path in enumerate(paths, 1):
-        result = _traverse_obj(obj, path, index == len(paths), True)
+        is_last = index == len(paths)
-        if result is not None:
+        try:
-            return result
+            result = _traverse_obj(obj, path, is_last, True)
+            if result is not None:
+                return result
+        except _RequiredError as e:
+            if is_last:
+                # Reraise to get cleaner stack trace
+                raise ExtractorError(e.orig_msg, expected=e.expected) from None
 
     return None if default is NO_DEFAULT else default
 
 
+def value(value, /):
+    return lambda _: value
+
+
+def require(name, /, *, expected=False):
+    def func(value):
+        if value is None:
+            raise _RequiredError(f'Unable to extract {name}', expected=expected)
+
+        return value
+
+    return func
+
+
+class _RequiredError(ExtractorError):
+    pass
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def subs_list_to_dict(*, ext: str | None = None) -> collections.abc.Callable[[list[dict]], dict[str, list[dict]]]: ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def subs_list_to_dict(subs: list[dict] | None, /, *, ext: str | None = None) -> dict[str, list[dict]]: ...
+
+
+def subs_list_to_dict(subs: list[dict] | None = None, /, *, ext=None):
+    """
+    Convert subtitles from a traversal into a subtitle dict.
+    The path should have an `all` immediately before this function.
+
+    Arguments:
+    `ext`      The default value for `ext` in the subtitle dict
+
+    In the dict you can set the following additional items:
+    `id`       The subtitle id to sort the dict into
+    `quality`  The sort order for each subtitle
+    """
+    if subs is None:
+        return functools.partial(subs_list_to_dict, ext=ext)
+
+    result = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+    for sub in subs:
+        if not url_or_none(sub.get('url')) and not sub.get('data'):
+            continue
+        sub_id = sub.pop('id', None)
+        if sub_id is None:
+            continue
+        if ext is not None and not sub.get('ext'):
+            sub['ext'] = ext
+        result[sub_id].append(sub)
+    result = dict(result)
+
+    for subs in result.values():
+        subs.sort(key=lambda x: x.pop('quality', 0) or 0)
+
+    return result
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def find_element(*, attr: str, value: str, tag: str | None = None, html=False): ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def find_element(*, cls: str, html=False): ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def find_element(*, id: str, tag: str | None = None, html=False): ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def find_element(*, tag: str, html=False): ...
+
+
+def find_element(*, tag=None, id=None, cls=None, attr=None, value=None, html=False):
+    # deliberately using `id=` and `cls=` for ease of readability
+    assert tag or id or cls or (attr and value), 'One of tag, id, cls or (attr AND value) is required'
+    if not tag:
+        tag = r'[\w:.-]+'
+
+    if attr and value:
+        assert not cls, 'Cannot match both attr and cls'
+        assert not id, 'Cannot match both attr and id'
+        func = get_element_html_by_attribute if html else get_element_by_attribute
+        return functools.partial(func, attr, value, tag=tag)
+
+    elif cls:
+        assert not id, 'Cannot match both cls and id'
+        assert tag is None, 'Cannot match both cls and tag'
+        func = get_element_html_by_class if html else get_elements_by_class
+        return functools.partial(func, cls)
+
+    elif id:
+        func = get_element_html_by_id if html else get_element_by_id
+        return functools.partial(func, id, tag=tag)
+
+    index = int(bool(html))
+    return lambda html: get_element_text_and_html_by_tag(tag, html)[index]
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def find_elements(*, cls: str, html=False): ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def find_elements(*, attr: str, value: str, tag: str | None = None, html=False): ...
+
+
+def find_elements(*, tag=None, cls=None, attr=None, value=None, html=False):
+    # deliberately using `cls=` for ease of readability
+    assert cls or (attr and value), 'One of cls or (attr AND value) is required'
+
+    if attr and value:
+        assert not cls, 'Cannot match both attr and cls'
+        func = get_elements_html_by_attribute if html else get_elements_by_attribute
+        return functools.partial(func, attr, value, tag=tag or r'[\w:.-]+')
+
+    assert not tag, 'Cannot match both cls and tag'
+    func = get_elements_html_by_class if html else get_elements_by_class
+    return functools.partial(func, cls)
+
+
 def get_first(obj, *paths, **kwargs):
     return traverse_obj(obj, *((..., *variadic(keys)) for keys in paths), **kwargs, get_all=False)