Bugfixes

pom.xml

@@ -377,17 +377,17 @@
       <dependency>
         <groupId>io.projectreactor</groupId>
         <artifactId>reactor-core</artifactId>
-        <version>3.4.8</version>
+        <version>3.4.9</version>
       </dependency>
       <dependency>
         <groupId>io.projectreactor</groupId>
         <artifactId>reactor-tools</artifactId>
-        <version>3.4.8</version>
+        <version>3.4.9</version>
       </dependency>
       <dependency>
         <groupId>io.projectreactor</groupId>
         <artifactId>reactor-test</artifactId>
-        <version>3.4.8</version>
+        <version>3.4.9</version>
       </dependency>
       <dependency>
         <groupId>org.novasearch</groupId>

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/client/DatabaseOptions.java

@@ -14,5 +14,4 @@ public record DatabaseOptions(Map<String, String> extraFlags,
 															boolean allowMemoryMapping,
 															boolean allowNettyDirect,
 															boolean useNettyDirect,
-															boolean enableDbAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions,
 															int maxOpenFiles) {}

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/LLDictionary.java

@@ -71,23 +71,23 @@ public interface LLDictionary extends LLKeyValueDatabaseStructure {
 		return getMulti(snapshot, keys, false);
 	}
 
-	Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> putMulti(Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> entries, boolean getOldValues);
+	Flux<LLEntry> putMulti(Flux<LLEntry> entries, boolean getOldValues);
 
 	<X> Flux<ExtraKeyOperationResult<ByteBuf, X>> updateMulti(Flux<Tuple2<ByteBuf, X>> entries,
 			BiSerializationFunction<ByteBuf, X, ByteBuf> updateFunction);
 
-	Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> getRange(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> range, boolean existsAlmostCertainly);
+	Flux<LLEntry> getRange(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> range, boolean existsAlmostCertainly);
 
-	default Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> getRange(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> range) {
+	default Flux<LLEntry> getRange(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> range) {
 		return getRange(snapshot, range, false);
 	}
 
-	Flux<List<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>>> getRangeGrouped(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
+	Flux<List<LLEntry>> getRangeGrouped(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
 			Mono<LLRange> range,
 			int prefixLength,
 			boolean existsAlmostCertainly);
 
-	default Flux<List<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>>> getRangeGrouped(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
+	default Flux<List<LLEntry>> getRangeGrouped(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
 			Mono<LLRange> range,
 			int prefixLength) {
 		return getRangeGrouped(snapshot, range, prefixLength, false);
@@ -101,11 +101,11 @@ public interface LLDictionary extends LLKeyValueDatabaseStructure {
 
 	Flux<BadBlock> badBlocks(Mono<LLRange> range);
 
-	Mono<Void> setRange(Mono<LLRange> range, Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> entries);
+	Mono<Void> setRange(Mono<LLRange> range, Flux<LLEntry> entries);
 
 	default Mono<Void> replaceRange(Mono<LLRange> range,
 			boolean canKeysChange,
-			Function<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>, Mono<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>>> entriesReplacer,
+			Function<LLEntry, Mono<LLEntry>> entriesReplacer,
 			boolean existsAlmostCertainly) {
 		return Mono.defer(() -> {
 			if (canKeysChange) {
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ public interface LLDictionary extends LLKeyValueDatabaseStructure {
 
 	default Mono<Void> replaceRange(Mono<LLRange> range,
 			boolean canKeysChange,
-			Function<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>, Mono<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>>> entriesReplacer) {
+			Function<LLEntry, Mono<LLEntry>> entriesReplacer) {
 		return replaceRange(range, canKeysChange, entriesReplacer, false);
 	}
 
@@ -134,9 +134,9 @@ public interface LLDictionary extends LLKeyValueDatabaseStructure {
 
 	Mono<Long> sizeRange(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> range, boolean fast);
 
-	Mono<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> getOne(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> range);
+	Mono<LLEntry> getOne(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> range);
 
 	Mono<ByteBuf> getOneKey(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> range);
 
-	Mono<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> removeOne(Mono<LLRange> range);
+	Mono<LLEntry> removeOne(Mono<LLRange> range);
 }

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/LLEntry.java

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package it.cavallium.dbengine.database;
+
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
+import io.netty.util.IllegalReferenceCountException;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import org.warp.commonutils.log.Logger;
+import org.warp.commonutils.log.LoggerFactory;
+
+public class LLEntry {
+
+	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LLEntry.class);
+
+	private final AtomicInteger refCnt = new AtomicInteger(1);
+
+	private final ByteBuf key;
+	private final ByteBuf value;
+
+	public LLEntry(ByteBuf key, ByteBuf value) {
+		try {
+			this.key = key.retain();
+			this.value = value.retain();
+		} finally {
+			key.release();
+			value.release();
+		}
+	}
+
+	public ByteBuf getKey() {
+		if (refCnt.get() <= 0) {
+			throw new IllegalReferenceCountException(refCnt.get());
+		}
+		return key;
+	}
+
+	public ByteBuf getValue() {
+		if (refCnt.get() <= 0) {
+			throw new IllegalReferenceCountException(refCnt.get());
+		}
+		return value;
+	}
+
+	public void retain() {
+		if (refCnt.getAndIncrement() <= 0) {
+			throw new IllegalReferenceCountException(refCnt.get(), 1);
+		}
+		key.retain();
+		value.retain();
+	}
+
+	public void release() {
+		if (refCnt.decrementAndGet() < 0) {
+			throw new IllegalReferenceCountException(refCnt.get(), -1);
+		}
+		if (key.refCnt() > 0) {
+			key.release();
+		}
+		if (value.refCnt() > 0) {
+			value.release();
+		}
+	}
+
+	public boolean isReleased() {
+		return refCnt.get() <= 0;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
+		if (refCnt.get() > 0) {
+			logger.warn(this.getClass().getName() + "::release has not been called!");
+		}
+		super.finalize();
+	}
+}

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/LLUtils.java

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Map.Entry;
 import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
 import java.util.function.Function;
 import java.util.function.ToIntFunction;
@@ -42,13 +43,19 @@ import org.apache.lucene.search.SortedNumericSortField;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.rocksdb.RocksDB;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.warp.commonutils.functional.IOFunction;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
+import reactor.util.function.Tuple2;
+import reactor.util.function.Tuple3;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("unused")
 public class LLUtils {
 
+	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LLUtils.class);
+
 	private static final byte[] RESPONSE_TRUE = new byte[]{1};
 	private static final byte[] RESPONSE_FALSE = new byte[]{0};
 	private static final byte[] RESPONSE_TRUE_BUF = new byte[]{1};
@@ -514,35 +521,154 @@ public class LLUtils {
 	}
 
 	public static <T> Mono<T> handleDiscard(Mono<T> mono) {
-		return mono.doOnDiscard(Map.Entry.class, e -> {
+		return mono
-			if (e.getKey() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+				.doOnDiscard(Object.class, obj -> {
-				if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+					if (obj instanceof ReferenceCounted o) {
-					bb.release();
+						discardRefCounted(o);
-				}
+					} else if (obj instanceof Entry o) {
-			}
+						discardEntry(o);
-			if (e.getValue() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+					} else if (obj instanceof Collection o) {
-				if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+						discardCollection(o);
-					bb.release();
+					} else if (obj instanceof Tuple3 o) {
-				}
+						discardTuple3(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof Tuple2 o) {
+						discardTuple2(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof LLEntry o) {
+						discardLLEntry(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof LLRange o) {
+						discardLLRange(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof Delta o) {
+						discardDelta(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof Map o) {
+						discardMap(o);
 					}
 				});
+		// todo: check if the single object discard hook is more performant
+		/*
+				.doOnDiscard(ReferenceCounted.class, LLUtils::discardRefCounted)
+				.doOnDiscard(Map.Entry.class, LLUtils::discardEntry)
+				.doOnDiscard(Collection.class, LLUtils::discardCollection)
+				.doOnDiscard(Tuple2.class, LLUtils::discardTuple2)
+				.doOnDiscard(Tuple3.class, LLUtils::discardTuple3)
+				.doOnDiscard(LLEntry.class, LLUtils::discardLLEntry)
+				.doOnDiscard(LLRange.class, LLUtils::discardLLRange)
+				.doOnDiscard(Delta.class, LLUtils::discardDelta)
+				.doOnDiscard(Map.class, LLUtils::discardMap);
+
+		 */
 	}
 
 	public static <T> Flux<T> handleDiscard(Flux<T> mono) {
 		return mono
+				.doOnDiscard(Object.class, obj -> {
+					if (obj instanceof ReferenceCounted o) {
+						discardRefCounted(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof Entry o) {
+						discardEntry(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof Collection o) {
+						discardCollection(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof Tuple3 o) {
+						discardTuple3(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof Tuple2 o) {
+						discardTuple2(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof LLEntry o) {
+						discardLLEntry(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof LLRange o) {
+						discardLLRange(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof Delta o) {
+						discardDelta(o);
+					} else if (obj instanceof Map o) {
+						discardMap(o);
+					} else {
+						System.err.println(obj.getClass().getName());
+					}
+				});
+		// todo: check if the single object discard hook is more performant
+		/*
 				.doOnDiscard(ReferenceCounted.class, LLUtils::discardRefCounted)
 				.doOnDiscard(Map.Entry.class, LLUtils::discardEntry)
-				.doOnDiscard(Collection.class, LLUtils::discardCollection);
+				.doOnDiscard(Collection.class, LLUtils::discardCollection)
+				.doOnDiscard(Tuple2.class, LLUtils::discardTuple2)
+				.doOnDiscard(Tuple3.class, LLUtils::discardTuple3)
+				.doOnDiscard(LLEntry.class, LLUtils::discardLLEntry)
+				.doOnDiscard(LLRange.class, LLUtils::discardLLRange)
+				.doOnDiscard(Delta.class, LLUtils::discardDelta)
+				.doOnDiscard(Map.class, LLUtils::discardMap);
+
+		 */
+	}
+
+	private static void discardLLEntry(LLEntry entry) {
+		logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+		entry.release();
+	}
+
+	private static void discardLLRange(LLRange range) {
+		logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+		range.release();
 	}
 
 	private static void discardEntry(Map.Entry<?, ?> e) {
 		if (e.getKey() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
 			if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
 				bb.release();
 			}
 		}
 		if (e.getValue() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
 			if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+				bb.release();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static void discardTuple2(Tuple2<?, ?> e) {
+		if (e.getT1() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+			if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+				bb.release();
+			}
+		}
+		if (e.getT2() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+			if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+				bb.release();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static void discardTuple3(Tuple3<?, ?, ?> e) {
+		if (e.getT1() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+			if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+				bb.release();
+			}
+		} else if (e.getT1() instanceof Optional opt) {
+			if (opt.isPresent() && opt.get() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+				bb.release();
+			}
+		}
+		if (e.getT2() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+			if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+				bb.release();
+			}
+		} else if (e.getT1() instanceof Optional opt) {
+			if (opt.isPresent() && opt.get() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+				bb.release();
+			}
+		}
+		if (e.getT3() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+			if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+				bb.release();
+			}
+		} else if (e.getT1() instanceof Optional opt) {
+			if (opt.isPresent() && opt.get() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
 				bb.release();
 			}
 		}
@@ -550,6 +676,7 @@ public class LLUtils {
 
 	private static void discardRefCounted(ReferenceCounted referenceCounted) {
 		if (referenceCounted.refCnt() > 0) {
+			logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
 			referenceCounted.release();
 		}
 	}
@@ -558,16 +685,19 @@ public class LLUtils {
 		for (Object o : collection) {
 			if (o instanceof ReferenceCounted referenceCounted) {
 				if (referenceCounted.refCnt() > 0) {
+					logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
 					referenceCounted.release();
 				}
 			} else if (o instanceof Map.Entry entry) {
 				if (entry.getKey() instanceof ReferenceCounted bb) {
 					if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+						logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
 						bb.release();
 					}
 				}
 				if (entry.getValue() instanceof ReferenceCounted bb) {
 					if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+						logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
 						bb.release();
 					}
 				}
@@ -576,4 +706,42 @@ public class LLUtils {
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	private static void discardDelta(Delta<?> delta) {
+		if (delta.previous() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+			if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+				bb.release();
+			}
+		}
+		if (delta.current() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+			if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+				logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+				bb.release();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static void discardMap(Map<?, ?> map) {
+		for (Entry<?, ?> entry : map.entrySet()) {
+			boolean hasByteBuf = false;
+			if (entry.getKey() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+				if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+					logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+					bb.release();
+				}
+				hasByteBuf = true;
+			}
+			if (entry.getValue() instanceof ByteBuf bb) {
+				if (bb.refCnt() > 0) {
+					logger.trace("Releasing discarded ByteBuf");
+					bb.release();
+				}
+				hasByteBuf = true;
+			}
+			if (!hasByteBuf) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
 }

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/collections/DatabaseEmpty.java

@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@ public class DatabaseEmpty {
 	public static final Serializer<Nothing, ByteBuf> NOTHING_SERIALIZER = new Serializer<>() {
 		@Override
 		public @NotNull Nothing deserialize(@NotNull ByteBuf serialized) {
+			try {
 				return NOTHING;
+			} finally {
+				serialized.release();
+			}
 		}
 
 		@Override

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/collections/DatabaseMapDictionary.java

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.Delta;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.ExtraKeyOperationResult;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLDictionary;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLDictionaryResultType;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLEntry;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLUtils;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.UpdateMode;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.UpdateReturnMode;
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.serialization.SerializationException;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.serialization.SerializationFunction;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.serialization.Serializer;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.serialization.SerializerFixedBinaryLength;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -28,6 +30,7 @@ import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
 import reactor.core.publisher.SynchronousSink;
 import reactor.util.function.Tuple2;
+import reactor.util.function.Tuple3;
 import reactor.util.function.Tuples;
 
 /**
@@ -87,6 +90,8 @@ public class DatabaseMapDictionary<T, U> extends DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U,
 						sink.next(Map.entry(key, value));
 					} catch (SerializationException ex) {
 						sink.error(ex);
+					} finally {
+						entry.release();
 					}
 				})
 				.collectMap(Entry::getKey, Entry::getValue, HashMap::new)
@@ -101,7 +106,7 @@ public class DatabaseMapDictionary<T, U> extends DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U,
 						.fromIterable(Collections.unmodifiableMap(value).entrySet())
 						.handle((entry, sink) -> {
 							try {
-								sink.next(Map.entry(this.toKey(serializeSuffix(entry.getKey())),
+								sink.next(new LLEntry(this.toKey(serializeSuffix(entry.getKey())),
 										valueSerializer.serialize(entry.getValue())));
 							} catch (SerializationException e) {
 								sink.error(e);
@@ -151,26 +156,18 @@ public class DatabaseMapDictionary<T, U> extends DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U,
 
 	@Override
 	public Mono<Void> putValue(T keySuffix, U value) {
-		return Mono
+		return Mono.using(() -> serializeSuffix(keySuffix),
-				.using(
+				keySuffixBuf -> Mono.using(() -> toKey(keySuffixBuf.retain()),
-						() -> serializeSuffix(keySuffix),
+						keyBuf -> Mono.using(() -> valueSerializer.serialize(value),
-						keySuffixBuf -> Mono
-								.using(
-										() -> toKey(keySuffixBuf.retain()),
-										keyBuf -> Mono
-												.using(() -> valueSerializer.serialize(value),
 								valueBuf -> dictionary
-																.put(LLUtils.lazyRetain(keyBuf),
+										.put(LLUtils.lazyRetain(keyBuf), LLUtils.lazyRetain(valueBuf), LLDictionaryResultType.VOID)
-																		LLUtils.lazyRetain(valueBuf),
-																		LLDictionaryResultType.VOID)
 										.doOnNext(ReferenceCounted::release),
 								ReferenceCounted::release
 						),
 						ReferenceCounted::release
 				),
 				ReferenceCounted::release
-				)
+		).then();
-				.then();
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -340,35 +337,43 @@ public class DatabaseMapDictionary<T, U> extends DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U,
 
 	@Override
 	public Flux<Entry<T, Optional<U>>> getMulti(@Nullable CompositeSnapshot snapshot, Flux<T> keys, boolean existsAlmostCertainly) {
-		return dictionary
+		return dictionary.getMulti(resolveSnapshot(snapshot), keys.flatMap(keySuffix -> Mono.fromCallable(() -> {
-			.getMulti(resolveSnapshot(snapshot), keys.flatMap(keySuffix -> Mono.fromCallable(() -> {
 			ByteBuf keySuffixBuf = serializeSuffix(keySuffix);
 			try {
-					return Tuples.of(keySuffix, toKey(keySuffixBuf.retain()));
+				var key = toKey(keySuffixBuf.retain());
+				try {
+					return Tuples.of(keySuffix, key.retain());
+				} finally {
+					key.release();
+				}
 			} finally {
 				keySuffixBuf.release();
 			}
-			})), existsAlmostCertainly)
+		})), existsAlmostCertainly).flatMapSequential(entry -> {
-			.flatMapSequential(entry -> {
 			entry.getT2().release();
 			return Mono.fromCallable(() -> {
 				Optional<U> valueOpt;
 				if (entry.getT3().isPresent()) {
-						valueOpt = Optional.of(valueSerializer.deserialize(entry.getT3().get()));
+					var buf = entry.getT3().get();
+					try {
+						valueOpt = Optional.of(valueSerializer.deserialize(buf.retain()));
+					} finally {
+						buf.release();
+					}
 				} else {
 					valueOpt = Optional.empty();
 				}
 				return Map.entry(entry.getT1(), valueOpt);
 			});
-			});
+		}).transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard);
 	}
 
-	private Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf> serializeEntry(T key, U value) throws SerializationException {
+	private LLEntry serializeEntry(T key, U value) throws SerializationException {
 		ByteBuf serializedKey = toKey(serializeSuffix(key));
 		try {
 			ByteBuf serializedValue = valueSerializer.serialize(value);
 			try {
-				return Map.entry(serializedKey.retain(), serializedValue.retain());
+				return new LLEntry(serializedKey.retain(), serializedValue.retain());
 			} finally {
 				serializedValue.release();
 			}
@@ -380,20 +385,21 @@ public class DatabaseMapDictionary<T, U> extends DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U,
 	@Override
 	public Mono<Void> putMulti(Flux<Entry<T, U>> entries) {
 		var serializedEntries = entries
-				.flatMap(entry -> Mono
+				.<LLEntry>handle((entry, sink) -> {
-						.fromCallable(() -> serializeEntry(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()))
+					try {
-						.doOnDiscard(Entry.class, uncastedEntry -> {
+						sink.next(serializeEntry(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()));
-							if (uncastedEntry.getKey() instanceof ByteBuf byteBuf) {
+					} catch (SerializationException e) {
-								byteBuf.release();
+						sink.error(e);
 					}
-							if (uncastedEntry.getValue() instanceof ByteBuf byteBuf) {
+				});
-								byteBuf.release();
-							}
-						})
-				);
 		return dictionary
 				.putMulti(serializedEntries, false)
-				.then();
+				.then()
+				.doOnDiscard(LLEntry.class, entry -> {
+					if (!entry.isReleased()) {
+						entry.release();
+					}
+				});
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -455,22 +461,34 @@ public class DatabaseMapDictionary<T, U> extends DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U,
 		return dictionary
 				.getRange(resolveSnapshot(snapshot), rangeMono)
 				.<Entry<T, U>>handle((serializedEntry, sink) -> {
+					ByteBuf key = serializedEntry.getKey();
+					ByteBuf value = serializedEntry.getValue();
 					try {
-						sink.next(Map.entry(
+						ByteBuf keySuffix = stripPrefix(key.retain(), false);
-								deserializeSuffix(stripPrefix(serializedEntry.getKey(), false)),
+						try {
-								valueSerializer.deserialize(serializedEntry.getValue())
+							sink.next(Map.entry(deserializeSuffix(keySuffix.retain()),
-						));
+									valueSerializer.deserialize(value.retain())));
+						} finally {
+							keySuffix.release();
+						}
 					} catch (SerializationException e) {
 						sink.error(e);
+					} finally {
+						key.release();
+						value.release();
 					}
 				})
 				.doOnDiscard(Entry.class, uncastedEntry -> {
 					if (uncastedEntry.getKey() instanceof ByteBuf byteBuf) {
+						if (byteBuf.refCnt() > 0) {
 							byteBuf.release();
 						}
+					}
 					if (uncastedEntry.getValue() instanceof ByteBuf byteBuf) {
+						if (byteBuf.refCnt() > 0) {
 							byteBuf.release();
 						}
+					}
 				});
 	}
 
@@ -480,9 +498,23 @@ public class DatabaseMapDictionary<T, U> extends DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U,
 				Mono.just(true),
 				b -> getAllValues(null),
 				b -> dictionary.setRange(rangeMono, entries.handle((entry, sink) -> {
+					try {
+						ByteBuf serializedKeySuffix = serializeSuffix(entry.getKey());
+						try {
+							ByteBuf serializedKey = toKey(serializedKeySuffix);
 							try {
 								ByteBuf serializedValue = valueSerializer.serialize(entry.getValue());
-						sink.next(Map.entry(toKey(serializeSuffix(entry.getKey())), serializedValue));
+								try {
+									sink.next(new LLEntry(serializedKey.retain(), serializedValue.retain()));
+								} finally {
+									serializedValue.release();
+								}
+							} finally {
+								serializedKey.release();
+							}
+						} finally {
+							serializedKeySuffix.release();
+						}
 					} catch (SerializationException e) {
 						sink.error(e);
 					}

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/collections/DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep.java

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import java.util.Map.Entry;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
+import reactor.util.function.Tuples;
 
 // todo: implement optimized methods (which?)
 public class DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U, US extends DatabaseStage<U>> implements DatabaseStageMap<T, U, US> {
@@ -393,25 +394,10 @@ public class DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U, US extends DatabaseStage<U>> implem
 		return Mono.using(
 				() -> serializeSuffix(keySuffix),
 				keySuffixData -> {
-					Flux<ByteBuf> debuggingKeysFlux = Mono.<List<ByteBuf>>defer(() -> {
-						if (LLLocalDictionary.DEBUG_PREFIXES_WHEN_ASSERTIONS_ARE_ENABLED
-								&& this.subStageGetter.needsDebuggingKeyFlux()) {
-							return Flux
-									.using(
-											() -> toExtRange(keySuffixData.retain()),
-											extRangeBuf -> this.dictionary
-													.getRangeKeys(resolveSnapshot(snapshot), LLUtils.lazyRetainRange(extRangeBuf)),
-											LLRange::release
-									)
-									.collectList();
-						} else {
-							return Mono.just(List.of());
-						}
-					}).flatMapIterable(it -> it);
 					return Mono.using(
 							() -> toKeyWithoutExt(keySuffixData.retain()),
 							keyWithoutExt -> this.subStageGetter
-									.subStage(dictionary, snapshot, LLUtils.lazyRetain(keyWithoutExt), debuggingKeysFlux),
+									.subStage(dictionary, snapshot, LLUtils.lazyRetain(keyWithoutExt)),
 							ReferenceCounted::release
 					);
 				},
@@ -433,87 +419,43 @@ public class DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U, US extends DatabaseStage<U>> implem
 
 	@Override
 	public Flux<Entry<T, US>> getAllStages(@Nullable CompositeSnapshot snapshot) {
-		return Flux
+
-				.defer(() -> {
-					if (LLLocalDictionary.DEBUG_PREFIXES_WHEN_ASSERTIONS_ARE_ENABLED && this.subStageGetter.needsDebuggingKeyFlux()) {
-						return dictionary
-								.getRangeKeysGrouped(resolveSnapshot(snapshot), rangeMono, keyPrefixLength + keySuffixLength)
-								.concatMap(rangeKeys -> Flux
-										.using(
-												() -> {
-													assert this.subStageGetter.isMultiKey() || rangeKeys.size() == 1;
-													ByteBuf groupKeyWithExt = rangeKeys.get(0).retainedSlice();
-													ByteBuf groupKeyWithoutExt = removeExtFromFullKey(groupKeyWithExt.retain(), true);
-													ByteBuf groupSuffix = this.stripPrefix(groupKeyWithoutExt.retain(), true);
-													return new GroupBuffers(groupKeyWithExt, groupKeyWithoutExt, groupSuffix);
-												},
-												buffers -> Mono
-														.fromCallable(() -> {
-															assert subStageKeysConsistency(buffers.groupKeyWithExt.readableBytes());
-															return null;
-														})
-														.then(this.subStageGetter
-																.subStage(dictionary,
-																		snapshot,
-																		LLUtils.lazyRetain(buffers.groupKeyWithoutExt),
-																		Flux.fromIterable(rangeKeys).map(ByteBuf::retain)
-																)
-																.<Entry<T, US>>handle((us, sink) -> {
-																	try {
-																		var deserializedSuffix = this.deserializeSuffix(buffers.groupSuffix.retain());
-																		sink.next(Map.entry(deserializedSuffix, us));
-																	} catch (SerializationException ex) {
-																		sink.error(ex);
-																	}
-																})
-														),
-												buffers -> {
-													buffers.groupSuffix.release();
-													buffers.groupKeyWithoutExt.release();
-													buffers.groupKeyWithExt.release();
-												}
-										)
-										.doAfterTerminate(() -> {
-											for (ByteBuf rangeKey : rangeKeys) {
-												rangeKey.release();
-											}
-										})
-								)
-								.doOnDiscard(Collection.class, discardedCollection -> {
-									for (Object o : discardedCollection) {
-										if (o instanceof ByteBuf byteBuf) {
-											byteBuf.release();
-										}
-									}
-								});
-					} else {
 		return Flux
 				.defer(() -> dictionary.getRangeKeyPrefixes(resolveSnapshot(snapshot), rangeMono, keyPrefixLength + keySuffixLength))
 				.flatMapSequential(groupKeyWithoutExt -> Mono
 						.using(
 								() -> {
+									try {
 										var groupSuffix = this.stripPrefix(groupKeyWithoutExt.retain(), true);
+										try {
 											assert subStageKeysConsistency(groupKeyWithoutExt.readableBytes() + keyExtLength);
-													return groupSuffix;
+											return Tuples.of(groupKeyWithoutExt.retain(), groupSuffix.retain());
+										} finally {
+											groupSuffix.release();
+										}
+									} finally {
+										groupKeyWithoutExt.release();
+									}
 								},
-												groupSuffix -> this.subStageGetter
+								groupKeyWithoutExtAndGroupSuffix -> this.subStageGetter
 										.subStage(dictionary,
 												snapshot,
-																LLUtils.lazyRetain(groupKeyWithoutExt),
+												LLUtils.lazyRetain(groupKeyWithoutExtAndGroupSuffix.getT1())
-																Flux.empty()
 										)
 										.<Entry<T, US>>handle((us, sink) -> {
 											try {
-																sink.next(Map.entry(this.deserializeSuffix(groupSuffix.retain()), us));
+												sink.next(Map.entry(this.deserializeSuffix(groupKeyWithoutExtAndGroupSuffix.getT2().retain()), us));
 											} catch (SerializationException ex) {
 												sink.error(ex);
 											}
 										}),
-												ReferenceCounted::release
+								entry -> {
-										)
+									entry.getT1().release();
-								);
+									entry.getT2().release();
 								}
-				});
+						)
+				)
+				.transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard);
 	}
 
 	private boolean subStageKeysConsistency(int totalKeyLength) {

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/collections/SubStageGetter.java

@@ -13,10 +13,7 @@ public interface SubStageGetter<U, US extends DatabaseStage<U>> {
 
 	Mono<US> subStage(LLDictionary dictionary,
 			@Nullable CompositeSnapshot snapshot,
-			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKey,
+			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKey);
-			@Nullable Flux<ByteBuf> debuggingKeyFlux);
 
 	boolean isMultiKey();
-
-	boolean needsDebuggingKeyFlux();
 }

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/collections/SubStageGetterHashMap.java

@@ -16,38 +16,25 @@ import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
 public class SubStageGetterHashMap<T, U, TH> implements
 		SubStageGetter<Map<T, U>, DatabaseMapDictionaryHashed<T, U, TH>> {
 
-	private static final boolean assertsEnabled;
-	static {
-		boolean assertsEnabledTmp = false;
-		//noinspection AssertWithSideEffects
-		assert assertsEnabledTmp = true;
-		//noinspection ConstantConditions
-		assertsEnabled = assertsEnabledTmp;
-	}
-
 	private final Serializer<T, ByteBuf> keySerializer;
 	private final Serializer<U, ByteBuf> valueSerializer;
 	private final Function<T, TH> keyHashFunction;
 	private final SerializerFixedBinaryLength<TH, ByteBuf> keyHashSerializer;
-	private final boolean enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
 
 	public SubStageGetterHashMap(Serializer<T, ByteBuf> keySerializer,
 			Serializer<U, ByteBuf> valueSerializer,
 			Function<T, TH> keyHashFunction,
-			SerializerFixedBinaryLength<TH, ByteBuf> keyHashSerializer,
+			SerializerFixedBinaryLength<TH, ByteBuf> keyHashSerializer) {
-			boolean enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions) {
 		this.keySerializer = keySerializer;
 		this.valueSerializer = valueSerializer;
 		this.keyHashFunction = keyHashFunction;
 		this.keyHashSerializer = keyHashSerializer;
-		this.enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions = enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public Mono<DatabaseMapDictionaryHashed<T, U, TH>> subStage(LLDictionary dictionary,
 			@Nullable CompositeSnapshot snapshot,
-			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKeyMono,
+			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKeyMono) {
-			@Nullable Flux<ByteBuf> debuggingKeysFlux) {
 		return Mono.usingWhen(
 				prefixKeyMono,
 				prefixKey -> Mono
@@ -59,24 +46,7 @@ public class SubStageGetterHashMap<T, U, TH> implements
 										keyHashFunction,
 										keyHashSerializer
 								)
-						)
+						),
-						.transform(mono -> {
-							if (debuggingKeysFlux != null) {
-								return debuggingKeysFlux.handle((key, sink) -> {
-									try {
-										if (key.readableBytes() != prefixKey.readableBytes() + getKeyHashBinaryLength()) {
-											sink.error(new IndexOutOfBoundsException());
-										} else {
-											sink.complete();
-										}
-									} finally {
-										key.release();
-									}
-								}).then(mono);
-							} else {
-								return mono;
-							}
-						}),
 				prefixKey -> Mono.fromRunnable(prefixKey::release)
 		);
 	}
@@ -86,11 +56,6 @@ public class SubStageGetterHashMap<T, U, TH> implements
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public boolean needsDebuggingKeyFlux() {
-		return assertsEnabled && enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
-	}
-
 	public int getKeyHashBinaryLength() {
 		return keyHashSerializer.getSerializedBinaryLength();
 	}

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/collections/SubStageGetterHashSet.java

@@ -16,35 +16,22 @@ import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
 public class SubStageGetterHashSet<T, TH> implements
 		SubStageGetter<Map<T, Nothing>, DatabaseSetDictionaryHashed<T, TH>> {
 
-	private static final boolean assertsEnabled;
-	static {
-		boolean assertsEnabledTmp = false;
-		//noinspection AssertWithSideEffects
-		assert assertsEnabledTmp = true;
-		//noinspection ConstantConditions
-		assertsEnabled = assertsEnabledTmp;
-	}
-
 	private final Serializer<T, ByteBuf> keySerializer;
 	private final Function<T, TH> keyHashFunction;
 	private final SerializerFixedBinaryLength<TH, ByteBuf> keyHashSerializer;
-	private final boolean enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
 
 	public SubStageGetterHashSet(Serializer<T, ByteBuf> keySerializer,
 			Function<T, TH> keyHashFunction,
-			SerializerFixedBinaryLength<TH, ByteBuf> keyHashSerializer,
+			SerializerFixedBinaryLength<TH, ByteBuf> keyHashSerializer) {
-			boolean enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions) {
 		this.keySerializer = keySerializer;
 		this.keyHashFunction = keyHashFunction;
 		this.keyHashSerializer = keyHashSerializer;
-		this.enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions = enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public Mono<DatabaseSetDictionaryHashed<T, TH>> subStage(LLDictionary dictionary,
 			@Nullable CompositeSnapshot snapshot,
-			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKeyMono,
+			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKeyMono) {
-			@Nullable Flux<ByteBuf> debuggingKeysFlux) {
 		return Mono.usingWhen(prefixKeyMono,
 				prefixKey -> Mono
 						.fromSupplier(() -> DatabaseSetDictionaryHashed
@@ -54,24 +41,7 @@ public class SubStageGetterHashSet<T, TH> implements
 										keyHashFunction,
 										keyHashSerializer
 								)
-						)
+						),
-						.transform(mono -> {
-							if (debuggingKeysFlux != null) {
-								return debuggingKeysFlux.handle((key, sink) -> {
-									try {
-										if (key.readableBytes() != prefixKey.readableBytes() + getKeyHashBinaryLength()) {
-											sink.error(new IndexOutOfBoundsException());
-										} else {
-											sink.complete();
-										}
-									} finally {
-										key.release();
-									}
-								}).then(mono);
-							} else {
-								return mono;
-							}
-						}),
 				prefixKey -> Mono.fromRunnable(prefixKey::release)
 		);
 	}
@@ -81,11 +51,6 @@ public class SubStageGetterHashSet<T, TH> implements
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public boolean needsDebuggingKeyFlux() {
-		return assertsEnabled && enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
-	}
-
 	public int getKeyHashBinaryLength() {
 		return keyHashSerializer.getSerializedBinaryLength();
 	}

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/collections/SubStageGetterMap.java

@@ -14,31 +14,19 @@ import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
 
 public class SubStageGetterMap<T, U> implements SubStageGetter<Map<T, U>, DatabaseMapDictionary<T, U>> {
 
-	private static final boolean assertsEnabled;
-	static {
-		boolean assertsEnabledTmp = false;
-		//noinspection AssertWithSideEffects
-		assert assertsEnabledTmp = true;
-		//noinspection ConstantConditions
-		assertsEnabled = assertsEnabledTmp;
-	}
-
 	private final SerializerFixedBinaryLength<T, ByteBuf> keySerializer;
 	private final Serializer<U, ByteBuf> valueSerializer;
-	private final boolean enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
 
 	public SubStageGetterMap(SerializerFixedBinaryLength<T, ByteBuf> keySerializer,
-			Serializer<U, ByteBuf> valueSerializer, boolean enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions) {
+			Serializer<U, ByteBuf> valueSerializer) {
 		this.keySerializer = keySerializer;
 		this.valueSerializer = valueSerializer;
-		this.enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions = enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public Mono<DatabaseMapDictionary<T, U>> subStage(LLDictionary dictionary,
 			@Nullable CompositeSnapshot snapshot,
-			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKeyMono,
+			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKeyMono) {
-			@Nullable Flux<ByteBuf> debuggingKeysFlux) {
 		return Mono.usingWhen(prefixKeyMono,
 				prefixKey -> Mono
 						.fromSupplier(() -> DatabaseMapDictionary
@@ -47,24 +35,7 @@ public class SubStageGetterMap<T, U> implements SubStageGetter<Map<T, U>, Databa
 										keySerializer,
 										valueSerializer
 								)
-						)
+						),
-						.transform(mono -> {
-							if (debuggingKeysFlux != null) {
-								return debuggingKeysFlux.handle((key, sink) -> {
-									try {
-										if (key.readableBytes() != prefixKey.readableBytes() + getKeyBinaryLength()) {
-											sink.error(new IndexOutOfBoundsException());
-										} else {
-											sink.complete();
-										}
-									} finally {
-										key.release();
-									}
-								}).then(mono);
-							} else {
-								return mono;
-							}
-						}),
 				prefixKey -> Mono.fromRunnable(prefixKey::release)
 		);
 	}
@@ -74,11 +45,6 @@ public class SubStageGetterMap<T, U> implements SubStageGetter<Map<T, U>, Databa
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public boolean needsDebuggingKeyFlux() {
-		return assertsEnabled && enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
-	}
-
 	public int getKeyBinaryLength() {
 		return keySerializer.getSerializedBinaryLength();
 	}

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/collections/SubStageGetterMapDeep.java

@@ -14,28 +14,17 @@ import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
 public class SubStageGetterMapDeep<T, U, US extends DatabaseStage<U>> implements
 		SubStageGetter<Map<T, U>, DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U, US>> {
 
-	private static final boolean assertsEnabled;
-	static {
-		boolean assertsEnabledTmp = false;
-		//noinspection AssertWithSideEffects
-		assert assertsEnabledTmp = true;
-		//noinspection ConstantConditions
-		assertsEnabled = assertsEnabledTmp;
-	}
-
 	private final SubStageGetter<U, US> subStageGetter;
 	private final SerializerFixedBinaryLength<T, ByteBuf> keySerializer;
 	private final int keyExtLength;
-	private final boolean enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
 
 	public SubStageGetterMapDeep(SubStageGetter<U, US> subStageGetter,
 			SerializerFixedBinaryLength<T, ByteBuf> keySerializer,
-			int keyExtLength, boolean enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions) {
+			int keyExtLength) {
 		this.subStageGetter = subStageGetter;
 		this.keySerializer = keySerializer;
 		this.keyExtLength = keyExtLength;
 		assert keyExtConsistency();
-		this.enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions = enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
 	}
 
 
@@ -52,8 +41,7 @@ public class SubStageGetterMapDeep<T, U, US extends DatabaseStage<U>> implements
 	@Override
 	public Mono<DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<T, U, US>> subStage(LLDictionary dictionary,
 			@Nullable CompositeSnapshot snapshot,
-			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKeyMono,
+			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKeyMono) {
-			@Nullable Flux<ByteBuf> debuggingKeysFlux) {
 		return Mono.usingWhen(prefixKeyMono,
 				prefixKey -> Mono
 						.fromSupplier(() -> DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep
@@ -63,24 +51,7 @@ public class SubStageGetterMapDeep<T, U, US extends DatabaseStage<U>> implements
 										subStageGetter,
 										keyExtLength
 								)
-						)
+						),
-						.transform(mono -> {
-							if (debuggingKeysFlux != null) {
-								return debuggingKeysFlux.handle((key, sink) -> {
-									try {
-										if (key.readableBytes() != prefixKey.readableBytes() + getKeyBinaryLength()) {
-											sink.error(new IndexOutOfBoundsException());
-										} else {
-											sink.complete();
-										}
-									} finally {
-										key.release();
-									}
-								}).then(mono);
-							} else {
-								return mono;
-							}
-						}),
 				prefixKey -> Mono.fromRunnable(prefixKey::release)
 		);
 	}
@@ -90,11 +61,6 @@ public class SubStageGetterMapDeep<T, U, US extends DatabaseStage<U>> implements
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public boolean needsDebuggingKeyFlux() {
-		return assertsEnabled && enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
-	}
-
 	private Mono<Void> checkKeyFluxConsistency(ByteBuf prefixKey, List<ByteBuf> keys) {
 		return Mono
 				.fromCallable(() -> {

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/collections/SubStageGetterSet.java

@@ -14,49 +14,19 @@ import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
 
 public class SubStageGetterSet<T> implements SubStageGetter<Map<T, Nothing>, DatabaseSetDictionary<T>> {
 
-	private static final boolean assertsEnabled;
-	static {
-		boolean assertsEnabledTmp = false;
-		//noinspection AssertWithSideEffects
-		assert assertsEnabledTmp = true;
-		//noinspection ConstantConditions
-		assertsEnabled = assertsEnabledTmp;
-	}
-
 	private final SerializerFixedBinaryLength<T, ByteBuf> keySerializer;
-	private final boolean enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
 
-	public SubStageGetterSet(SerializerFixedBinaryLength<T, ByteBuf> keySerializer,
+	public SubStageGetterSet(SerializerFixedBinaryLength<T, ByteBuf> keySerializer) {
-			boolean enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions) {
 		this.keySerializer = keySerializer;
-		this.enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions = enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public Mono<DatabaseSetDictionary<T>> subStage(LLDictionary dictionary,
 			@Nullable CompositeSnapshot snapshot,
-			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKeyMono,
+			Mono<ByteBuf> prefixKeyMono) {
-			@Nullable Flux<ByteBuf> debuggingKeysFlux) {
 		return Mono.usingWhen(prefixKeyMono,
 				prefixKey -> Mono
-						.fromSupplier(() -> DatabaseSetDictionary.tail(dictionary, prefixKey.retain(), keySerializer))
+						.fromSupplier(() -> DatabaseSetDictionary.tail(dictionary, prefixKey.retain(), keySerializer)),
-						.transform(mono -> {
-							if (debuggingKeysFlux != null) {
-								return debuggingKeysFlux.handle((key, sink) -> {
-									try {
-										if (key.readableBytes() != prefixKey.readableBytes() + getKeyBinaryLength()) {
-											sink.error(new IndexOutOfBoundsException());
-										} else {
-											sink.complete();
-										}
-									} finally {
-										key.release();
-									}
-								}).then(mono);
-							} else {
-								return mono;
-							}
-						}),
 				prefixKey -> Mono.fromRunnable(prefixKey::release)
 		);
 	}
@@ -66,11 +36,6 @@ public class SubStageGetterSet<T> implements SubStageGetter<Map<T, Nothing>, Dat
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public boolean needsDebuggingKeyFlux() {
-		return assertsEnabled && enableAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions;
-	}
-
 	public int getKeyBinaryLength() {
 		return keySerializer.getSerializedBinaryLength();
 	}

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/collections/SubStageGetterSingle.java

@@ -13,15 +13,6 @@ import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
 
 public class SubStageGetterSingle<T> implements SubStageGetter<T, DatabaseStageEntry<T>> {
 
-	private static final boolean assertsEnabled;
-	static {
-		boolean assertsEnabledTmp = false;
-		//noinspection AssertWithSideEffects
-		assert assertsEnabledTmp = true;
-		//noinspection ConstantConditions
-		assertsEnabled = assertsEnabledTmp;
-	}
-
 	private final Serializer<T, ByteBuf> serializer;
 
 	public SubStageGetterSingle(Serializer<T, ByteBuf> serializer) {
@@ -31,29 +22,11 @@ public class SubStageGetterSingle<T> implements SubStageGetter<T, DatabaseStageE
 	@Override
 	public Mono<DatabaseStageEntry<T>> subStage(LLDictionary dictionary,
 			@Nullable CompositeSnapshot snapshot,
-			Mono<ByteBuf> keyPrefixMono,
+			Mono<ByteBuf> keyPrefixMono) {
-			@Nullable Flux<ByteBuf> debuggingKeysFlux) {
 		return Mono.usingWhen(
 				keyPrefixMono,
 				keyPrefix -> Mono
-						.<DatabaseStageEntry<T>>fromSupplier(() -> new DatabaseSingle<>(dictionary, keyPrefix.retain(), serializer))
+						.<DatabaseStageEntry<T>>fromSupplier(() -> new DatabaseSingle<>(dictionary, keyPrefix.retain(), serializer)),
-						.transform(mono -> {
-							if (debuggingKeysFlux != null) {
-								return debuggingKeysFlux.handle((key, sink) -> {
-									try {
-										if (needsDebuggingKeyFlux() && !LLUtils.equals(keyPrefix, key)) {
-											sink.error(new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Found more than one element!"));
-										} else {
-											sink.complete();
-										}
-									} finally {
-										key.release();
-									}
-								}).then(mono);
-							} else {
-								return mono;
-							}
-						}),
 				keyPrefix -> Mono.fromRunnable(keyPrefix::release)
 		);
 	}
@@ -63,9 +36,4 @@ public class SubStageGetterSingle<T> implements SubStageGetter<T, DatabaseStageE
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public boolean needsDebuggingKeyFlux() {
-		return assertsEnabled;
-	}
-
 }

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/disk/LLLocalDictionary.java

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.Delta;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.ExtraKeyOperationResult;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLDictionary;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLDictionaryResultType;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLEntry;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLRange;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLSnapshot;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLUtils;
@@ -88,7 +89,6 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	 * now it's true to avoid crashes during iterations on completely corrupted files
 	 */
 	static final boolean VERIFY_CHECKSUMS_WHEN_NOT_NEEDED = true;
-	public static final boolean DEBUG_PREFIXES_WHEN_ASSERTIONS_ARE_ENABLED = true;
 	/**
 	 * Default: true. Use false to debug problems with windowing.
 	 */
@@ -218,9 +218,9 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 		return list;
 	}
 
-	private IntArrayList getLockIndicesEntries(List<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> keys) {
+	private IntArrayList getLockIndicesEntries(List<LLEntry> keys) {
 		var list = new IntArrayList(keys.size());
-		for (Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf> key : keys) {
+		for (LLEntry key : keys) {
 			list.add(getLockIndex(key.getKey()));
 		}
 		return list;
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 					throw new RocksDBException("Key buffer must be direct");
 				}
 				ByteBuffer keyNioBuffer = LLUtils.toDirect(key);
-				assert !databaseOptions.enableDbAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions() || keyNioBuffer.isDirect();
+				assert keyNioBuffer.isDirect();
 				// Create a direct result buffer because RocksDB works only with direct buffers
 				ByteBuf resultBuf = alloc.directBuffer(INITIAL_DIRECT_READ_BYTE_BUF_SIZE_BYTES);
 				try {
@@ -300,17 +300,15 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 					do {
 						// Create the result nio buffer to pass to RocksDB
 						resultNioBuf = resultBuf.nioBuffer(0, resultBuf.capacity());
-						if (databaseOptions.enableDbAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions()) {
 						assert keyNioBuffer.isDirect();
 						assert resultNioBuf.isDirect();
-						}
 						valueSize = db.get(cfh,
 								Objects.requireNonNullElse(readOptions, EMPTY_READ_OPTIONS),
 								keyNioBuffer.position(0),
 								resultNioBuf
 						);
 						if (valueSize != RocksDB.NOT_FOUND) {
-							if (databaseOptions.enableDbAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions()) {
+							if (ASSERTIONS_ENABLED) {
 								// todo: check if position is equal to data that have been read
 								// todo: check if limit is equal to value size or data that have been read
 								assert valueSize <= 0 || resultNioBuf.limit() > 0;
@@ -408,11 +406,11 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 					throw new RocksDBException("Value buffer must be direct");
 				}
 				var keyNioBuffer = LLUtils.toDirect(key);
-				assert !databaseOptions.enableDbAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions() || keyNioBuffer.isDirect();
+				assert keyNioBuffer.isDirect();
 
 
 				var valueNioBuffer = LLUtils.toDirect(value);
-				assert !databaseOptions.enableDbAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions() || valueNioBuffer.isDirect();
+				assert valueNioBuffer.isDirect();
 				db.put(cfh, validWriteOptions, keyNioBuffer, valueNioBuffer);
 			} else {
 				db.put(cfh, validWriteOptions, LLUtils.toArray(key), LLUtils.toArray(value));
@@ -750,8 +748,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 									newData = updater.apply(prevDataToSendToUpdater == null
 											? null
 											: prevDataToSendToUpdater.retain());
-									assert !databaseOptions.enableDbAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions()
+									assert prevDataToSendToUpdater == null
-											|| prevDataToSendToUpdater == null
 											|| prevDataToSendToUpdater.readerIndex() == 0
 											|| !prevDataToSendToUpdater.isReadable();
 								} finally {
@@ -886,7 +883,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 									.single()
 									.map(LLUtils::booleanToResponseByteBuffer)
 									.doAfterTerminate(() -> {
-										assert !databaseOptions.enableDbAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions() || key.refCnt() > 0;
+										assert key.refCnt() > 0;
 									});
 							case PREVIOUS_VALUE -> Mono
 									.fromCallable(() -> {
@@ -912,7 +909,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 													try {
 														return dbGet(cfh, null, key.retain(), true);
 													} finally {
-														assert !databaseOptions.enableDbAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions() || key.refCnt() > 0;
+														assert key.refCnt() > 0;
 													}
 												}
 											} else {
@@ -1005,8 +1002,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 							.doAfterTerminate(() -> keyBufsWindow.forEach(ReferenceCounted::release));
 				}, 2) // Max concurrency is 2 to read data while preparing the next segment
 				.doOnDiscard(Entry.class, discardedEntry -> {
-					//noinspection unchecked
+					var entry = (LLEntry) discardedEntry;
-					var entry = (Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>) discardedEntry;
 					entry.getKey().release();
 					entry.getValue().release();
 				})
@@ -1019,14 +1015,14 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> putMulti(Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> entries, boolean getOldValues) {
+	public Flux<LLEntry> putMulti(Flux<LLEntry> entries, boolean getOldValues) {
 		return entries
 				.buffer(Math.min(MULTI_GET_WINDOW, CAPPED_WRITE_BATCH_CAP))
 				.flatMapSequential(ew -> Mono
 						.using(
 								() -> ew,
 								entriesWindow -> Mono
-										.<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>>fromCallable(() -> {
+										.<LLEntry>fromCallable(() -> {
 											Iterable<StampedLock> locks;
 											ArrayList<Long> stamps;
 											if (updateMode == UpdateMode.ALLOW) {
@@ -1047,13 +1043,15 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 															MAX_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE,
 															BATCH_WRITE_OPTIONS
 													);
-													for (Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf> entry : entriesWindow) {
+													for (LLEntry entry : entriesWindow) {
-														batch.put(cfh, entry.getKey().retain(), entry.getValue().retain());
+														var k = entry.getKey().retain();
+														var v = entry.getValue().retain();
+														batch.put(cfh, k, v);
 													}
 													batch.writeToDbAndClose();
 													batch.close();
 												} else {
-													for (Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf> entry : entriesWindow) {
+													for (LLEntry entry : entriesWindow) {
 														db.put(cfh, EMPTY_WRITE_OPTIONS, entry.getKey().nioBuffer(), entry.getValue().nioBuffer());
 													}
 												}
@@ -1077,8 +1075,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 												return this
 														.getMulti(null, Flux
 																.fromIterable(entriesWindow)
-																.map(Entry::getKey)
+																.map(entry -> entry.getKey().retain())
-																.map(ByteBuf::retain)
 																.map(buf -> Tuples.of(obj, buf)), false)
 														.publishOn(dbScheduler)
 														.then(transformer);
@@ -1087,9 +1084,8 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 											}
 										}),
 								entriesWindow -> {
-									for (Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf> entry : entriesWindow) {
+									for (LLEntry entry : entriesWindow) {
-										entry.getKey().release();
+										entry.release();
-										entry.getValue().release();
 									}
 								}
 						), 2) // Max concurrency is 2 to read data while preparing the next segment
@@ -1244,7 +1240,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> getRange(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
+	public Flux<LLEntry> getRange(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
 			Mono<LLRange> rangeMono,
 			boolean existsAlmostCertainly) {
 		return Flux.usingWhen(rangeMono,
@@ -1260,7 +1256,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Flux<List<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>>> getRangeGrouped(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
+	public Flux<List<LLEntry>> getRangeGrouped(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
 			Mono<LLRange> rangeMono,
 			int prefixLength, boolean existsAlmostCertainly) {
 		return Flux.usingWhen(rangeMono,
@@ -1276,18 +1272,18 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 		);
 	}
 
-	private Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> getRangeSingle(LLSnapshot snapshot,
+	private Flux<LLEntry> getRangeSingle(LLSnapshot snapshot,
 			Mono<ByteBuf> keyMono,
 			boolean existsAlmostCertainly) {
 		return Flux.usingWhen(keyMono,
 				key -> this
 						.get(snapshot, Mono.just(key).map(ByteBuf::retain), existsAlmostCertainly)
-						.map(value -> Map.entry(key.retain(), value)),
+						.map(value -> new LLEntry(key.retain(), value)),
 				key -> Mono.fromRunnable(key::release)
-		);
+		).transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard);
 	}
 
-	private Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> getRangeMulti(LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> rangeMono) {
+	private Flux<LLEntry> getRangeMulti(LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> rangeMono) {
 		return Flux.usingWhen(rangeMono,
 				range -> Flux.using(
 						() -> new LLLocalEntryReactiveRocksIterator(db, alloc, cfh, range.retain(),
@@ -1299,7 +1295,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 		);
 	}
 
-	private Flux<List<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>>> getRangeMultiGrouped(LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> rangeMono, int prefixLength) {
+	private Flux<List<LLEntry>> getRangeMultiGrouped(LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> rangeMono, int prefixLength) {
 		return Flux.usingWhen(rangeMono,
 				range -> Flux.using(
 						() -> new LLLocalGroupedEntryReactiveRocksIterator(db, alloc, cfh, prefixLength, range.retain(),
@@ -1436,7 +1432,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Mono<Void> setRange(Mono<LLRange> rangeMono, Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> entries) {
+	public Mono<Void> setRange(Mono<LLRange> rangeMono, Flux<LLEntry> entries) {
 		return Mono.usingWhen(rangeMono,
 				range -> {
 					if (USE_WINDOW_IN_SET_RANGE) {
@@ -1520,17 +1516,14 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 								)
 								.flatMap(keysWindowFlux -> keysWindowFlux
 										.collectList()
-										.doOnDiscard(Entry.class, discardedEntry -> {
-											//noinspection unchecked
-											var entry = (Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>) discardedEntry;
-											entry.getKey().release();
-											entry.getValue().release();
-										})
 										.flatMap(entriesList -> Mono
 												.<Void>fromCallable(() -> {
 													try {
 														if (!USE_WRITE_BATCHES_IN_SET_RANGE) {
-															for (Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf> entry : entriesList) {
+															for (LLEntry entry : entriesList) {
+																assert !entry.isReleased();
+																assert entry.getKey().refCnt() > 0;
+																assert entry.getValue().refCnt() > 0;
 																db.put(cfh, EMPTY_WRITE_OPTIONS, entry.getKey().nioBuffer(), entry.getValue().nioBuffer());
 															}
 														} else if (USE_CAPPED_WRITE_BATCH_IN_SET_RANGE) {
@@ -1540,14 +1533,20 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 																	MAX_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE,
 																	BATCH_WRITE_OPTIONS
 															)) {
-																for (Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf> entry : entriesList) {
+																for (LLEntry entry : entriesList) {
+																	assert !entry.isReleased();
+																	assert entry.getKey().refCnt() > 0;
+																	assert entry.getValue().refCnt() > 0;
 																	batch.put(cfh, entry.getKey().retain(), entry.getValue().retain());
 																}
 																batch.writeToDbAndClose();
 															}
 														} else {
 															try (var batch = new WriteBatch(RESERVED_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE)) {
-																for (Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf> entry : entriesList) {
+																for (LLEntry entry : entriesList) {
+																	assert !entry.isReleased();
+																	assert entry.getKey().refCnt() > 0;
+																	assert entry.getValue().refCnt() > 0;
 																	batch.put(cfh, LLUtils.toArray(entry.getKey()), LLUtils.toArray(entry.getValue()));
 																}
 																db.write(EMPTY_WRITE_OPTIONS, batch);
@@ -1556,9 +1555,9 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 														}
 														return null;
 													} finally {
-														for (Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf> entry : entriesList) {
+														for (LLEntry entry : entriesList) {
-															entry.getKey().release();
+															assert !entry.isReleased();
-															entry.getValue().release();
+															entry.release();
 														}
 													}
 												})
@@ -1903,7 +1902,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Mono<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> getOne(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> rangeMono) {
+	public Mono<LLEntry> getOne(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> rangeMono) {
 		return Mono.usingWhen(rangeMono,
 				range -> runOnDb(() -> {
 					try (var readOpts = new ReadOptions(resolveSnapshot(snapshot))) {
@@ -1940,7 +1939,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 									try {
 										ByteBuf value = LLUtils.readDirectNioBuffer(alloc, rocksIterator::value);
 										try {
-											return Map.entry(key.retain(), value.retain());
+											return new LLEntry(key, value);
 										} finally {
 											value.release();
 										}
@@ -2123,7 +2122,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Mono<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> removeOne(Mono<LLRange> rangeMono) {
+	public Mono<LLEntry> removeOne(Mono<LLRange> rangeMono) {
 		return Mono.usingWhen(rangeMono,
 				range -> runOnDb(() -> {
 					try (var readOpts = new ReadOptions(getReadOptions(null))) {
@@ -2161,7 +2160,7 @@ public class LLLocalDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 								ByteBuf key = LLUtils.readDirectNioBuffer(alloc, rocksIterator::key);
 								ByteBuf value = LLUtils.readDirectNioBuffer(alloc, rocksIterator::value);
 								dbDelete(cfh, null, key);
-								return Map.entry(key, value);
+								return new LLEntry(key, value);
 							} finally {
 								maxBound.release();
 							}

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/disk/LLLocalEntryReactiveRocksIterator.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package it.cavallium.dbengine.database.disk;
 
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufAllocator;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLEntry;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLRange;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Map.Entry;
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ import org.rocksdb.ColumnFamilyHandle;
 import org.rocksdb.ReadOptions;
 import org.rocksdb.RocksDB;
 
-public class LLLocalEntryReactiveRocksIterator extends LLLocalReactiveRocksIterator<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> {
+public class LLLocalEntryReactiveRocksIterator extends LLLocalReactiveRocksIterator<LLEntry> {
 
 	public LLLocalEntryReactiveRocksIterator(RocksDB db,
 			ByteBufAllocator alloc,
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ public class LLLocalEntryReactiveRocksIterator extends LLLocalReactiveRocksItera
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf> getEntry(ByteBuf key, ByteBuf value) {
+	public LLEntry getEntry(ByteBuf key, ByteBuf value) {
-		return Map.entry(key, value);
+		return new LLEntry(key, value);
 	}
 }

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/disk/LLLocalGroupedEntryReactiveRocksIterator.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package it.cavallium.dbengine.database.disk;
 
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufAllocator;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLEntry;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLRange;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Map.Entry;
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ import org.rocksdb.ReadOptions;
 import org.rocksdb.RocksDB;
 
 public class LLLocalGroupedEntryReactiveRocksIterator extends
-		LLLocalGroupedReactiveRocksIterator<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> {
+		LLLocalGroupedReactiveRocksIterator<LLEntry> {
 
 	public LLLocalGroupedEntryReactiveRocksIterator(RocksDB db, ByteBufAllocator alloc, ColumnFamilyHandle cfh,
 			int prefixLength,
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ public class LLLocalGroupedEntryReactiveRocksIterator extends
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf> getEntry(ByteBuf key, ByteBuf value) {
+	public LLEntry getEntry(ByteBuf key, ByteBuf value) {
-		return Map.entry(key, value);
+		return new LLEntry(key, value);
 	}
 }

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/disk/LLLocalKeyValueDatabase.java

@@ -469,12 +469,7 @@ public class LLLocalKeyValueDatabase implements LLKeyValueDatabase {
 
 	private ColumnFamilyHandle getCfh(byte[] columnName) throws RocksDBException {
 		ColumnFamilyHandle cfh = handles.get(Column.special(Column.toString(columnName)));
-		if (databaseOptions.enableDbAssertionsWhenUsingAssertions()) {
+		assert enableColumnsBug || Arrays.equals(cfh.getName(), columnName);
-			//noinspection RedundantIfStatement
-			if (!enableColumnsBug) {
-				assert Arrays.equals(cfh.getName(), columnName);
-			}
-		}
 		return cfh;
 	}
 

src/main/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/database/memory/LLMemoryDictionary.java

@@ -7,10 +7,12 @@ import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.Delta;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.ExtraKeyOperationResult;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLDictionary;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLDictionaryResultType;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLEntry;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLRange;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLSnapshot;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLUtils;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.UpdateMode;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.disk.ReleasableSlice;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.serialization.BiSerializationFunction;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.serialization.SerializationException;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.serialization.SerializationFunction;
@@ -245,7 +247,7 @@ public class LLMemoryDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> putMulti(Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> entries, boolean getOldValues) {
+	public Flux<LLEntry> putMulti(Flux<LLEntry> entries, boolean getOldValues) {
 		return entries
 				.handle((entry, sink) -> {
 					var key = entry.getKey();
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ public class LLMemoryDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 						if (v == null || !getOldValues) {
 							sink.complete();
 						} else {
-							sink.next(Map.entry(key.retain(), kk(v)));
+							sink.next(new LLEntry(key.retain(), kk(v)));
 						}
 					} finally {
 						key.release();
@@ -271,7 +273,7 @@ public class LLMemoryDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> getRange(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
+	public Flux<LLEntry> getRange(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
 			Mono<LLRange> rangeMono,
 			boolean existsAlmostCertainly) {
 		return Flux.usingWhen(rangeMono,
@@ -280,13 +282,13 @@ public class LLMemoryDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 						return Mono.fromCallable(() -> {
 							var element = snapshots.get(resolveSnapshot(snapshot))
 									.get(k(range.getSingle()));
-							return Map.entry(range.getSingle().retain(), kk(element));
+							return new LLEntry(range.getSingle().retain(), kk(element));
 						}).flux();
 					} else {
 						return Mono
 								.fromCallable(() -> mapSlice(snapshot, range))
 								.flatMapMany(map -> Flux.fromIterable(map.entrySet()))
-								.map(entry -> Map.entry(kk(entry.getKey()), kk(entry.getValue())));
+								.map(entry -> new LLEntry(kk(entry.getKey()), kk(entry.getValue())));
 					}
 				},
 				range -> Mono.fromRunnable(range::release)
@@ -294,7 +296,7 @@ public class LLMemoryDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Flux<List<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>>> getRangeGrouped(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
+	public Flux<List<LLEntry>> getRangeGrouped(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot,
 			Mono<LLRange> rangeMono,
 			int prefixLength,
 			boolean existsAlmostCertainly) {
@@ -333,8 +335,16 @@ public class LLMemoryDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	@Override
 	public Flux<ByteBuf> getRangeKeyPrefixes(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> rangeMono, int prefixLength) {
 		return getRangeKeys(snapshot, rangeMono)
-				.distinctUntilChanged(k -> k.slice(k.readerIndex(), prefixLength), LLUtils::equals)
+				.distinctUntilChanged(k -> k.slice(k.readerIndex(), prefixLength), (a, b) -> {
-				.map(k -> k.slice(k.readerIndex(), prefixLength));
+					if (LLUtils.equals(a, b)) {
+						b.release();
+						return true;
+					} else {
+						return false;
+					}
+				})
+				.map(k -> k.slice(k.readerIndex(), prefixLength))
+				.transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard);
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -343,7 +353,7 @@ public class LLMemoryDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Mono<Void> setRange(Mono<LLRange> rangeMono, Flux<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> entries) {
+	public Mono<Void> setRange(Mono<LLRange> rangeMono, Flux<LLEntry> entries) {
 		return Mono.error(new UnsupportedOperationException("Not implemented"));
 	}
 
@@ -361,7 +371,7 @@ public class LLMemoryDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Mono<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> getOne(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> rangeMono) {
+	public Mono<LLEntry> getOne(@Nullable LLSnapshot snapshot, Mono<LLRange> rangeMono) {
 		return Mono.error(new UnsupportedOperationException("Not implemented"));
 	}
 
@@ -371,7 +381,7 @@ public class LLMemoryDictionary implements LLDictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public Mono<Entry<ByteBuf, ByteBuf>> removeOne(Mono<LLRange> rangeMono) {
+	public Mono<LLEntry> removeOne(Mono<LLRange> rangeMono) {
 		return Mono.error(new UnsupportedOperationException("Not implemented"));
 	}
 

src/test/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/DbTestUtils.java

@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 package it.cavallium.dbengine;
 
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufAllocator;
+import io.netty.buffer.PoolArenaMetric;
 import io.netty.buffer.PooledByteBufAllocator;
+import io.netty.buffer.UnpooledByteBufAllocator;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.Column;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLDatabaseConnection;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLDictionary;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLKeyValueDatabase;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.UpdateMode;
@@ -35,12 +40,77 @@ import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
 
 public class DbTestUtils {
 
-	public static final ByteBufAllocator ALLOCATOR = new PooledByteBufAllocator(true);
+	private volatile static ByteBufAllocator POOLED_ALLOCATOR = null;
+
+	public static synchronized ByteBufAllocator getUncachedAllocator() {
+		try {
+			ensureNoLeaks(POOLED_ALLOCATOR);
+		} catch (Throwable ex) {
+			POOLED_ALLOCATOR = null;
+		}
+		if (POOLED_ALLOCATOR == null) {
+			POOLED_ALLOCATOR = new PooledByteBufAllocator(false, 1, 0, 8192, 11, 0, 0, true);
+		}
+		return POOLED_ALLOCATOR;
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized ByteBufAllocator getUncachedAllocatorUnsafe() {
+		return POOLED_ALLOCATOR;
+	}
+
 	public static final AtomicInteger dbId = new AtomicInteger(0);
 
+	@SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
+	private static int getActiveBuffers(ByteBufAllocator allocator) {
+		int directActive = 0, directAlloc = 0, directDealloc = 0;
+		if (allocator instanceof PooledByteBufAllocator alloc) {
+			for (PoolArenaMetric arena : alloc.directArenas()) {
+				directActive += arena.numActiveAllocations();
+				directAlloc += arena.numAllocations();
+				directDealloc += arena.numDeallocations();
+			}
+		} else if (allocator instanceof UnpooledByteBufAllocator alloc) {
+			directActive += alloc.metric().usedDirectMemory();
+		} else {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+		}
+		System.out.println("directActive " + directActive + " directAlloc " + directAlloc + " directDealloc " + directDealloc);
+		return directActive;
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
+	private static int getActiveHeapBuffers(ByteBufAllocator allocator) {
+		int heapActive = 0, heapAlloc = 0, heapDealloc = 0;
+		if (allocator instanceof PooledByteBufAllocator alloc) {
+			for (PoolArenaMetric arena : alloc.heapArenas()) {
+				heapActive += arena.numActiveAllocations();
+				heapAlloc += arena.numAllocations();
+				heapDealloc += arena.numDeallocations();
+			}
+		} else if (allocator instanceof UnpooledByteBufAllocator alloc) {
+			heapActive += alloc.metric().usedHeapMemory();
+		} else {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+		}
+		System.out.println("heapActive " + heapActive + " heapAlloc " + heapAlloc + " heapDealloc " + heapDealloc);
+		return heapActive;
+	}
+
 	public static <U> Flux<U> tempDb(Function<LLKeyValueDatabase, Publisher<U>> action) {
+		return Flux.usingWhen(openTempDb(),
+				tempDb -> action.apply(tempDb.db()),
+				DbTestUtils::closeTempDb
+		);
+	}
+
+	public static record TempDb(ByteBufAllocator allocator, LLDatabaseConnection connection, LLKeyValueDatabase db,
+															Path path) {}
+
+	public static Mono<TempDb> openTempDb() {
+		return Mono.defer(() -> {
 			var wrkspcPath = Path.of("/tmp/.cache/tempdb-" + dbId.incrementAndGet() + "/");
-		return Flux.usingWhen(Mono
+			var alloc = getUncachedAllocator();
+			return Mono
 					.<LLKeyValueDatabase>fromCallable(() -> {
 						if (Files.exists(wrkspcPath)) {
 							Files.walk(wrkspcPath).sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder()).forEach(file -> {
@@ -55,15 +125,26 @@ public class DbTestUtils {
 						return null;
 					})
 					.subscribeOn(Schedulers.boundedElastic())
-						.then(new LLLocalDatabaseConnection(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR, wrkspcPath).connect())
+					.then(new LLLocalDatabaseConnection(alloc, wrkspcPath).connect())
-						.flatMap(conn -> conn.getDatabase("testdb",
+					.flatMap(conn -> conn
+							.getDatabase("testdb",
 									List.of(Column.dictionary("testmap"), Column.special("ints"), Column.special("longs")),
-								new DatabaseOptions(Map.of(), true, false, true, false, true, true, true, true, -1)
+									new DatabaseOptions(Map.of(), true, false, true, false, true, true, true, -1)
-						)),
+							)
-				action,
+							.map(db -> new TempDb(alloc, conn, db, wrkspcPath))
-				db -> db.close().then(Mono.fromCallable(() -> {
+					);
-					if (Files.exists(wrkspcPath)) {
+		});
-						Files.walk(wrkspcPath).sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder()).forEach(file -> {
+	}
+
+	public static Mono<Void> closeTempDb(TempDb tempDb) {
+		return tempDb.db().close().then(tempDb.connection().disconnect()).then(Mono.fromCallable(() -> {
+			ensureNoLeaks(tempDb.allocator());
+			if (tempDb.allocator() instanceof PooledByteBufAllocator pooledByteBufAllocator) {
+				pooledByteBufAllocator.trimCurrentThreadCache();
+				pooledByteBufAllocator.freeThreadLocalCache();
+			}
+			if (Files.exists(tempDb.path())) {
+				Files.walk(tempDb.path()).sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder()).forEach(file -> {
 					try {
 						Files.delete(file);
 					} catch (IOException ex) {
@@ -72,8 +153,14 @@ public class DbTestUtils {
 				});
 			}
 			return null;
-				}).subscribeOn(Schedulers.boundedElastic()))
+		}).subscribeOn(Schedulers.boundedElastic())).then();
-		);
+	}
+
+	public static void ensureNoLeaks(ByteBufAllocator allocator) {
+		if (allocator != null) {
+			assertEquals(0, getActiveBuffers(allocator));
+			assertEquals(0, getActiveHeapBuffers(allocator));
+		}
 	}
 
 	public static Mono<? extends LLDictionary> tempDictionary(LLKeyValueDatabase database, UpdateMode updateMode) {
@@ -98,13 +185,13 @@ public class DbTestUtils {
 			int keyBytes) {
 		if (dbType == DbType.MAP) {
 			return DatabaseMapDictionary.simple(dictionary,
-					SerializerFixedBinaryLength.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR, keyBytes),
+					SerializerFixedBinaryLength.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator(), keyBytes),
-					Serializer.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR)
+					Serializer.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator())
 			);
 		} else {
 			return DatabaseMapDictionaryHashed.simple(dictionary,
-					Serializer.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR),
+					Serializer.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator()),
-					Serializer.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR),
+					Serializer.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator()),
 					s -> (short) s.hashCode(),
 					new SerializerFixedBinaryLength<>() {
 						@Override
@@ -126,7 +213,7 @@ public class DbTestUtils {
 
 						@Override
 						public @NotNull ByteBuf serialize(@NotNull Short deserialized) {
-							var out = DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR.directBuffer(Short.BYTES);
+							var out = dictionary.getAllocator().directBuffer(Short.BYTES);
 							try {
 								out.writeShort(deserialized);
 								out.writerIndex(Short.BYTES);
@@ -140,33 +227,31 @@ public class DbTestUtils {
 		}
 	}
 
-	public static <T, U> DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<String, Map<String, String>,
+	public static DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<String, Map<String, String>,
 			DatabaseMapDictionary<String, String>> tempDatabaseMapDictionaryDeepMap(
 			LLDictionary dictionary,
 			int key1Bytes,
 			int key2Bytes) {
 		return DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep.deepTail(dictionary,
-				SerializerFixedBinaryLength.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR, key1Bytes),
+				SerializerFixedBinaryLength.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator(), key1Bytes),
 				key2Bytes,
-				new SubStageGetterMap<>(SerializerFixedBinaryLength.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR, key2Bytes),
+				new SubStageGetterMap<>(SerializerFixedBinaryLength.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator(), key2Bytes),
-						Serializer.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR),
+						Serializer.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator())
-						true
 				)
 		);
 	}
 
-	public static <T, U> DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<String, Map<String, String>,
+	public static DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep<String, Map<String, String>,
 			DatabaseMapDictionaryHashed<String, String, Integer>> tempDatabaseMapDictionaryDeepMapHashMap(
 			LLDictionary dictionary,
 			int key1Bytes) {
 		return DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep.deepTail(dictionary,
-				SerializerFixedBinaryLength.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR, key1Bytes),
+				SerializerFixedBinaryLength.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator(), key1Bytes),
 				Integer.BYTES,
-				new SubStageGetterHashMap<>(Serializer.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR),
+				new SubStageGetterHashMap<>(Serializer.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator()),
-						Serializer.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR),
+						Serializer.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator()),
 						String::hashCode,
-						SerializerFixedBinaryLength.intSerializer(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR),
+						SerializerFixedBinaryLength.intSerializer(dictionary.getAllocator())
-						true
 				)
 		);
 	}
@@ -174,10 +259,10 @@ public class DbTestUtils {
 	public static <T, U> DatabaseMapDictionaryHashed<String, String, Integer> tempDatabaseMapDictionaryHashMap(
 			LLDictionary dictionary) {
 		return DatabaseMapDictionaryHashed.simple(dictionary,
-				Serializer.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR),
+				Serializer.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator()),
-				Serializer.utf8(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR),
+				Serializer.utf8(dictionary.getAllocator()),
 				String::hashCode,
-				SerializerFixedBinaryLength.intSerializer(DbTestUtils.ALLOCATOR)
+				SerializerFixedBinaryLength.intSerializer(dictionary.getAllocator())
 		);
 	}
 }

src/test/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/OldDatabaseTests.java

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public class OldDatabaseTests {
 										.map(dictionary -> DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep.deepTail(dictionary,
 												new FixedStringSerializer(3),
 												4,
-												new SubStageGetterMap<>(new FixedStringSerializer(4), Serializer.noop(), true)
+												new SubStageGetterMap<>(new FixedStringSerializer(4), Serializer.noop())
 										))
 										.flatMap(collection -> Flux
 												.fromIterable(originalSuperKeys)
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ public class OldDatabaseTests {
 				.then(new LLLocalDatabaseConnection(PooledByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT, wrkspcPath).connect())
 				.flatMap(conn -> conn.getDatabase("testdb",
 						List.of(Column.dictionary("testmap")),
-						new DatabaseOptions(Map.of(), true, false, true, false, true, true, true, true, -1)
+						new DatabaseOptions(Map.of(), true, false, true, false, true, true, true, -1)
 				));
 	}
 
@@ -159,14 +159,14 @@ public class OldDatabaseTests {
 										.map(dictionary -> DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep.deepTail(dictionary,
 												new FixedStringSerializer(3),
 												4,
-												new SubStageGetterMap<>(new FixedStringSerializer(4), Serializer.noop(), true)
+												new SubStageGetterMap<>(new FixedStringSerializer(4), Serializer.noop())
 										)),
 								db
 										.getDictionary("testmap", UpdateMode.DISALLOW)
 										.map(dictionary -> DatabaseMapDictionaryDeep.deepTail(dictionary,
 												new FixedStringSerializer(6),
 												7,
-												new SubStageGetterMap<>(new FixedStringSerializer(7), Serializer.noop(), true)
+												new SubStageGetterMap<>(new FixedStringSerializer(7), Serializer.noop())
 										))
 						)
 						.single()

src/test/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/TestDictionary.java

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package it.cavallium.dbengine;
 
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.ensureNoLeaks;
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.getUncachedAllocator;
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.getUncachedAllocatorUnsafe;
 import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.tempDb;
 import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.tempDictionary;
 
@@ -7,6 +10,8 @@ import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLDictionary;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.UpdateMode;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
@@ -18,6 +23,16 @@ public class TestDictionary {
 		return Arrays.stream(UpdateMode.values()).map(Arguments::of);
 	}
 
+	@BeforeEach
+	public void beforeEach() {
+		ensureNoLeaks(getUncachedAllocator());
+	}
+
+	@AfterEach
+	public void afterEach() {
+		ensureNoLeaks(getUncachedAllocatorUnsafe());
+	}
+
 	@ParameterizedTest
 	@MethodSource("provideArgumentsCreate")
 	public void testCreate(UpdateMode updateMode) {

src/test/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/TestDictionaryMap.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package it.cavallium.dbengine;
 
 import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.*;
 
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLUtils;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.UpdateMode;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -13,6 +14,8 @@ import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
@@ -74,6 +77,16 @@ public class TestDictionaryMap {
 				.map(fullTuple -> Arguments.of(fullTuple.getT1(), fullTuple.getT2(), fullTuple.getT3(), fullTuple.getT4(), fullTuple.getT5()));
 	}
 
+	@BeforeEach
+	public void beforeEach() {
+		ensureNoLeaks(getUncachedAllocator());
+	}
+
+	@AfterEach
+	public void afterEach() {
+		ensureNoLeaks(getUncachedAllocatorUnsafe());
+	}
+
 	@ParameterizedTest
 	@MethodSource("provideArgumentsPut")
 	public void testPut(DbType dbType, UpdateMode updateMode, String key, String value, boolean shouldFail) {
@@ -338,6 +351,7 @@ public class TestDictionaryMap {
 						)
 						.filter(k -> k.getValue().isPresent())
 						.map(k -> Map.entry(k.getKey(), k.getValue().orElseThrow()))
+						.transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
 				));
 		if (shouldFail) {
 			stpVer.verifyError();
@@ -390,6 +404,7 @@ public class TestDictionaryMap {
 								)
 								.doAfterTerminate(map::release)
 						)
+						.transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
 				));
 		if (shouldFail) {
 			stpVer.verifyError();
@@ -527,6 +542,7 @@ public class TestDictionaryMap {
 								)
 								.doAfterTerminate(map::release)
 						)
+						.transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
 				));
 		if (shouldFail) {
 			stpVer.verifyError();
@@ -555,6 +571,7 @@ public class TestDictionaryMap {
 								)
 								.doAfterTerminate(map::release)
 						)
+						.transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
 				));
 		if (shouldFail) {
 			stpVer.verifyError();
@@ -588,6 +605,7 @@ public class TestDictionaryMap {
 								)
 								.doAfterTerminate(map::release)
 						)
+						.transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
 				));
 		if (shouldFail) {
 			stpVer.verifyError();
@@ -616,6 +634,7 @@ public class TestDictionaryMap {
 								.doAfterTerminate(map::release)
 						)
 						.flatMap(val -> shouldFail ? Mono.empty() : Mono.just(val))
+						.transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
 				));
 		if (shouldFail) {
 			stpVer.verifyError();
@@ -627,7 +646,6 @@ public class TestDictionaryMap {
 	@ParameterizedTest
 	@MethodSource("provideArgumentsPutMulti")
 	public void testPutMultiClear(DbType dbType, UpdateMode updateMode, Map<String, String> entries, boolean shouldFail) {
-		var remainingEntries = new ConcurrentHashMap<Entry<String, String>, Boolean>().keySet(true);
 		Step<Boolean> stpVer = StepVerifier
 				.create(tempDb(db -> tempDictionary(db, updateMode)
 						.map(dict -> tempDatabaseMapDictionaryMap(dict, dbType, 5))
@@ -642,6 +660,7 @@ public class TestDictionaryMap {
 								.doAfterTerminate(map::release)
 						)
 						.flatMap(val -> shouldFail ? Mono.empty() : Mono.just(val))
+						.transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
 				));
 		if (shouldFail) {
 			stpVer.verifyError();

src/test/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/TestDictionaryMapDeep.java

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 package it.cavallium.dbengine;
 
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.ensureNoLeaks;
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.getUncachedAllocator;
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.getUncachedAllocatorUnsafe;
 import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.tempDatabaseMapDictionaryDeepMap;
 import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.tempDb;
 import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.tempDictionary;
 
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLUtils;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.UpdateMode;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -13,6 +17,8 @@ import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
@@ -140,6 +146,16 @@ public class TestDictionaryMapDeep {
 				.toStream();
 	}
 
+	@BeforeEach
+	public void beforeEach() {
+		ensureNoLeaks(getUncachedAllocator());
+	}
+
+	@AfterEach
+	public void afterEach() {
+		ensureNoLeaks(getUncachedAllocatorUnsafe());
+	}
+
 	@ParameterizedTest
 	@MethodSource("provideArgumentsSet")
 	public void testSetValueGetValue(UpdateMode updateMode, String key, Map<String, String> value, boolean shouldFail) {
@@ -520,11 +536,9 @@ public class TestDictionaryMapDeep {
 		if (updateMode != UpdateMode.ALLOW_UNSAFE && !isTestBadKeysEnabled()) {
 			return;
 		}
-		var stpVer = StepVerifier
+		var stpVer = StepVerifier.create(tempDb(db -> tempDictionary(db, updateMode)
-				.create(tempDb(db -> tempDictionary(db, updateMode)
 				.map(dict -> tempDatabaseMapDictionaryDeepMap(dict, 5, 6))
-						.flatMapMany(map -> Flux
+				.flatMapMany(map -> Flux.concat(
-								.concat(
 						map.updateValue(key, old -> {
 							assert old == null;
 							return Map.of("error?", "error.");
@@ -545,9 +559,7 @@ public class TestDictionaryMapDeep {
 							assert Objects.equals(old, value);
 							return value;
 						}).then(map.getValue(null, key))
-								)
+				).doAfterTerminate(map::release))
-								.doAfterTerminate(map::release)
-						)
 		));
 		if (updateMode != UpdateMode.ALLOW_UNSAFE || shouldFail) {
 			stpVer.verifyError();
@@ -795,6 +807,7 @@ public class TestDictionaryMapDeep {
 									)
 									.doAfterTerminate(map::release);
 						})
+						.transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
 				));
 		if (shouldFail) {
 			stpVer.verifyError();

src/test/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/TestDictionaryMapDeepHashMap.java

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package it.cavallium.dbengine;
 
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.ensureNoLeaks;
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.getUncachedAllocator;
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.getUncachedAllocatorUnsafe;
 import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.tempDatabaseMapDictionaryDeepMapHashMap;
 import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.tempDb;
 import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.tempDictionary;
@@ -13,6 +16,8 @@ import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
@@ -94,6 +99,16 @@ public class TestDictionaryMapDeepHashMap {
 				.toStream();
 	}
 
+	@BeforeEach
+	public void beforeEach() {
+		ensureNoLeaks(getUncachedAllocator());
+	}
+
+	@AfterEach
+	public void afterEach() {
+		ensureNoLeaks(getUncachedAllocatorUnsafe());
+	}
+
 	@ParameterizedTest
 	@MethodSource("provideArgumentsPut")
 	public void testAtPutValueGetAllValues(UpdateMode updateMode, String key1, String key2, String value, boolean shouldFail) {

src/test/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/TestLLDictionaryLeaks.java

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+package it.cavallium.dbengine;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.TempDb;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLDictionary;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLDictionaryResultType;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLKeyValueDatabase;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLUtils;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.UpdateMode;
+import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.UpdateReturnMode;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.Flow.Publisher;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterAll;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeAll;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
+import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
+import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
+import reactor.core.scheduler.Schedulers;
+
+public class TestLLDictionaryLeaks {
+
+	private TempDb tempDb;
+	private LLKeyValueDatabase db;
+
+	@BeforeEach
+	public void beforeEach() {
+		tempDb = Objects.requireNonNull(DbTestUtils.openTempDb().block(), "TempDB");
+		db = tempDb.db();
+	}
+
+	public static Stream<Arguments> provideArguments() {
+		return Arrays.stream(UpdateMode.values()).map(Arguments::of);
+	}
+
+	public static Stream<Arguments> providePutArguments() {
+		var updateModes = Arrays.stream(UpdateMode.values());
+		return updateModes.flatMap(updateMode -> {
+			var resultTypes = Arrays.stream(LLDictionaryResultType.values());
+			return resultTypes.map(resultType -> Arguments.of(updateMode, resultType));
+		});
+	}
+
+	public static Stream<Arguments> provideUpdateArguments() {
+		var updateModes = Arrays.stream(UpdateMode.values());
+		return updateModes.flatMap(updateMode -> {
+			var resultTypes = Arrays.stream(UpdateReturnMode.values());
+			return resultTypes.map(resultType -> Arguments.of(updateMode, resultType));
+		});
+	}
+
+	private LLDictionary getDict(UpdateMode updateMode) {
+		var dict = DbTestUtils.tempDictionary(db, updateMode).block();
+		var key1 = Mono.fromCallable(() -> fromString("test-key-1"));
+		var key2 = Mono.fromCallable(() -> fromString("test-key-2"));
+		var key3 = Mono.fromCallable(() -> fromString("test-key-3"));
+		var key4 = Mono.fromCallable(() -> fromString("test-key-4"));
+		var value = Mono.fromCallable(() -> fromString("test-value"));
+		dict.put(key1, value, LLDictionaryResultType.VOID).block();
+		dict.put(key2, value, LLDictionaryResultType.VOID).block();
+		dict.put(key3, value, LLDictionaryResultType.VOID).block();
+		dict.put(key4, value, LLDictionaryResultType.VOID).block();
+		return dict;
+	}
+
+	private ByteBuf fromString(String s) {
+		var sb = s.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+		var b = db.getAllocator().buffer(sb.length);
+		b.writeBytes(b);
+		return b;
+	}
+
+	private void run(Flux<?> publisher) {
+		publisher.subscribeOn(Schedulers.immediate()).blockLast();
+	}
+
+	private void runVoid(Mono<Void> publisher) {
+		publisher.then().subscribeOn(Schedulers.immediate()).block();
+	}
+
+	private <T> T run(Mono<T> publisher) {
+		return publisher.subscribeOn(Schedulers.immediate()).block();
+	}
+
+	private <T> T run(boolean shouldFail, Mono<T> publisher) {
+		return publisher.subscribeOn(Schedulers.immediate()).transform(mono -> {
+			if (shouldFail) {
+				return mono.onErrorResume(ex -> Mono.empty());
+			} else {
+				return mono;
+			}
+		}).block();
+	}
+
+	private void runVoid(boolean shouldFail, Mono<Void> publisher) {
+		publisher.then().subscribeOn(Schedulers.immediate()).transform(mono -> {
+			if (shouldFail) {
+				return mono.onErrorResume(ex -> Mono.empty());
+			} else {
+				return mono;
+			}
+		}).block();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testNoOp() {
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest
+	@MethodSource("provideArguments")
+	public void testGetDict(UpdateMode updateMode) {
+		var dict = getDict(updateMode);
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest
+	@MethodSource("provideArguments")
+	public void testGetColumnName(UpdateMode updateMode) {
+		var dict = getDict(updateMode);
+		dict.getColumnName();
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest
+	@MethodSource("provideArguments")
+	public void testGetAllocator(UpdateMode updateMode) {
+		var dict = getDict(updateMode);
+		dict.getAllocator();
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest
+	@MethodSource("provideArguments")
+	public void testGet(UpdateMode updateMode) {
+		var dict = getDict(updateMode);
+		var key = Mono.fromCallable(() -> fromString("test"));
+		runVoid(dict.get(null, key).then().transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard));
+		runVoid(dict.get(null, key, true).then().transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard));
+		runVoid(dict.get(null, key, false).then().transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard));
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest
+	@MethodSource("providePutArguments")
+	public void testPut(UpdateMode updateMode, LLDictionaryResultType resultType) {
+		var dict = getDict(updateMode);
+		var key = Mono.fromCallable(() -> fromString("test-key"));
+		var value = Mono.fromCallable(() -> fromString("test-value"));
+		runVoid(dict.put(key, value, resultType).then());
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest
+	@MethodSource("provideArguments")
+	public void testGetUpdateMode(UpdateMode updateMode) {
+		var dict = getDict(updateMode);
+		assertEquals(updateMode, run(dict.getUpdateMode()));
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest
+	@MethodSource("provideUpdateArguments")
+	public void testUpdate(UpdateMode updateMode, UpdateReturnMode updateReturnMode) {
+		var dict = getDict(updateMode);
+		var key = Mono.fromCallable(() -> fromString("test-key"));
+		runVoid(updateMode == UpdateMode.DISALLOW,
+				dict.update(key, old -> old, updateReturnMode, true).then().transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
+		);
+		runVoid(updateMode == UpdateMode.DISALLOW,
+				dict.update(key, old -> old, updateReturnMode, false).then().transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
+		);
+		runVoid(updateMode == UpdateMode.DISALLOW,
+				dict.update(key, old -> old, updateReturnMode).then().transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
+		);
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest
+	@MethodSource("provideArguments")
+	public void testUpdateAndGetDelta(UpdateMode updateMode) {
+		var dict = getDict(updateMode);
+		var key = Mono.fromCallable(() -> fromString("test-key"));
+		runVoid(updateMode == UpdateMode.DISALLOW,
+				dict.updateAndGetDelta(key, old -> old, true).then().transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
+		);
+		runVoid(updateMode == UpdateMode.DISALLOW,
+				dict.updateAndGetDelta(key, old -> old, false).then().transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
+		);
+		runVoid(updateMode == UpdateMode.DISALLOW,
+				dict.updateAndGetDelta(key, old -> old).then().transform(LLUtils::handleDiscard)
+		);
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest
+	@MethodSource("provideArguments")
+	public void testClear(UpdateMode updateMode) {
+		var dict = getDict(updateMode);
+		runVoid(dict.clear());
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest
+	@MethodSource("providePutArguments")
+	public void testRemove(UpdateMode updateMode, LLDictionaryResultType resultType) {
+		var dict = getDict(updateMode);
+		var key = Mono.fromCallable(() -> fromString("test-key"));
+		runVoid(dict.remove(key, resultType).then());
+	}
+
+	@AfterEach
+	public void afterEach() {
+		DbTestUtils.closeTempDb(tempDb).block();
+	}
+}

src/test/java/it/cavallium/dbengine/TestSingletons.java

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 package it.cavallium.dbengine;
 
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.ensureNoLeaks;
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.getUncachedAllocator;
+import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.getUncachedAllocatorUnsafe;
 import static it.cavallium.dbengine.DbTestUtils.tempDb;
 
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.LLKeyValueDatabase;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.collections.DatabaseInt;
 import it.cavallium.dbengine.database.collections.DatabaseLong;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
@@ -34,6 +39,16 @@ public class TestSingletons {
 		);
 	}
 
+	@BeforeEach
+	public void beforeEach() {
+		ensureNoLeaks(getUncachedAllocator());
+	}
+
+	@AfterEach
+	public void afterEach() {
+		ensureNoLeaks(getUncachedAllocatorUnsafe());
+	}
+
 	@Test
 	public void testCreateInteger() {
 		StepVerifier