Motivation:
As we have java8 as a minimum target we can use MethodHandles. We should do so when we expect to have a method called multiple times.
Modifications:
- Replace usage of reflection with MethodHandles where it makes sense
- Remove some code which was there to support java < 8
Result:
Faster code
Motivation:
In general, we will close the debug log in a product environment. However, logging without external level check may still affect performance as varargs will need to allocate an array.
Modification:
Add log level check simply before logging.
Result:
Improve performance slightly in a product environment.
Motivation:
At the moment the next / prev references are not set to "null" in the DefaultChannelHandlerContext once the ChannelHandler is removed. This is bad as it basically let users still use the ChannelHandlerContext of a ChannelHandler after it is removed and may produce very suprising behaviour.
Modifications:
- Fail if someone tries to use the ChannelHandlerContext once the ChannelHandler was removed (for outbound operations fail the promise, for inbound fire the error through the ChannelPipeline)
- Fix some handlers to ensure we not use the ChannelHandlerContext after the handler was removed
- Adjust DefaultChannelPipeline / DefaultChannelHandlerContext to fixes races with removal / replacement of handlers
Result:
Cleanup behaviour and make it more predictable for pipeline modifications
Motivation:
Often it is useful to be able to detect different sorts of SSL errors that cause the handshake to fail. To make this easier we should throw and explicit exception type for handshake timeouts.
Modifications:
- Add SslHandshakeTimeoutException (which extends SSLHandshakeException) and use it for handshake timeouts
- Adjust testcases
Result:
Easier to detect that handshake failed because of a timeout
Motivation:
We did not correctly account for produced bytes when SSL_write(...) returns -1 in all cases. This could lead to lost data and so a corrupt SSL connection.
Modifications:
- Always ensure we calculate the produced bytes correctly
- Add unit tests
Result:
Fixes https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/10041
Motivation:
In SniHandlerTest we depended on implementation details of the SSLEngine. We should better not doing this
Modifications:
Just release all outbound data
Result:
Dont depend on implementation details
Motivation:
Due incorrectly handling of reference count of the clientHello ByteBuf we may overrelease the buffer. This did show up in the log of a test:
11:55:16.595 [main] DEBUG i.n.h.ssl.SslClientHelloHandler - Unexpected client hello packet: 16030100bd010000b90303a74225676d1814ba57faff3b3663656ed05ee9dbb2a4dbb1bb1c32d2ea5fc39e0000000100008c0000001700150000164348415434e380824c45414e434c4f5544e38082434e000b000403000102000a00340032000e000d0019000b000c00180009000a00160017000800060007001400150004000500120013000100020003000f0010001100230000000d0020001e060106020603050105020503040104020403030103020303020102020203000f00010133740000
io.netty.util.IllegalReferenceCountException: refCnt: 0, decrement: 1
at io.netty.util.internal.ReferenceCountUpdater.toLiveRealRefCnt(ReferenceCountUpdater.java:74)
at io.netty.util.internal.ReferenceCountUpdater.release(ReferenceCountUpdater.java:138)
at io.netty.buffer.AbstractReferenceCountedByteBuf.release(AbstractReferenceCountedByteBuf.java:100)
at io.netty.handler.ssl.SslClientHelloHandler.releaseIfNotNull(SslClientHelloHandler.java:181)
at io.netty.handler.ssl.SslClientHelloHandler.select(SslClientHelloHandler.java:225)
at io.netty.handler.ssl.SslClientHelloHandler.decode(SslClientHelloHandler.java:149)
at io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.decodeRemovalReentryProtection(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:498)
at io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.callDecode(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:437)
at io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.channelRead(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:276)
at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:377)
at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:363)
at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:355)
at io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline$HeadContext.channelRead(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:1410)
at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:377)
at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:363)
at io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline.fireChannelRead(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:919)
at io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel.writeInbound(EmbeddedChannel.java:343)
at io.netty.handler.ssl.SniHandlerTest.testNonAsciiServerNameParsing(SniHandlerTest.java:297)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:50)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:12)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:47)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:17)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.ExpectException.evaluate(ExpectException.java:19)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:325)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:78)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:57)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:290)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:71)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:288)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:58)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:268)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:363)
at org.junit.runners.Suite.runChild(Suite.java:128)
at org.junit.runners.Suite.runChild(Suite.java:27)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:290)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:71)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:288)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:58)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:268)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:363)
at org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.run(JUnitCore.java:137)
at com.intellij.junit4.JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.java:68)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater.startRunnerWithArgs(IdeaTestRunner.java:47)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:242)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:70)
Modifications:
Correctly transfer lifetime of buffer and so not over-release it.
Result:
Correctly handle buffer lifecycle and so not swallow the original exception
Motivation:
Sometimes it is useful to do something depending on the Ssl ClientHello (like for example select a SslContext to use). At the moment we only allow to hook into the SNI extension but this is not enough.
Modifications:
Add SslClientHelloHandler which allows to hook into ClientHello messages. This class is now also the super class of AbstractSniHandler
Result:
More flexible processing of SSL handshakes
Motivation:
JDK is the default SSL provider and internally uses blocking IO operations.
Modifications:
Add allowBlockingCallsInside configuration for SslHandler runAllDelegate function.
Result:
When BlockHound is installed, SSL works out of the box with the default SSL provider.
Co-authored-by: violetagg <milesg78@gmail.com>
Motivation:
When SslHandler.finishWrap throws an exception, ensure that the promise and buf is not reused to avoid throwing IllegalArgumentException or IllegalReferenceCountException which causes the original exception to be lost.
Modification:
The change ensures that the values for the promise and bytebuf are nulled before calling finishWrap so that it will not be called again with the same arguments.
Result:
Fixes#9971 .
Co-authored-by: Norman Maurer <norman_maurer@apple.com>
Co-authored-by: Antony T Curtis <atcurtis@gmail.com>
Motivation
LoggingHandler is a very useful tool for debugging and for tracking the
sequence of events in a pipeline. LoggingHandler also includes the
functionality to log a hex dump of all written and received ByteBufs.
This can be useful for small messages, but for large messages, this can
potentially result in extremely large logs. E.g., a 1 MB payload will
result in over a 1 MB log message being recorded. While LoggingHandler
may only be intended for debugging, this can still be too excessive in
some debugging scenarios.
Modifications
* Create a new ByteBufFormat enum that allows users to specify "SIMPLE"
or "HEX_DUMP" logging for ByteBufs.
* For all constructors that currently accept a LogLevel parameter,
create new overloaded constructors that also accept this enum as a
parameter.
* Continue to record hex dumps by default.
Result
Users will be able to opt out of full hex dump recording, if they wish
to.
Motivation:
At the moment we create a new ChannelFutureListener per chunk when trying to write these to the underlying transport. This can be optimized by replacing the seperate write and flush call with writeAndFlush and only allocate the listener if the future is not complete yet.
Modifications:
- Replace seperate write and flush calls with writeAndFlush
- Only create listener if needed, otherwise execute directly
Result:
Less allocations
Motivation:
At the moment we use an extra field in ChunedWriteHandler to hold the current write. This is not needed and makes sense even more error-prone. We can just peek in the queue.
Modifications:
Use Queue.peek() to keep track of current write
Result:
Less error-prone code
Motivation:
In next major version of netty users should use ChannelHandler everywhere. We should ensure we do the same
Modifications:
Replace usage of deprecated classes / interfaces with ChannelHandler
Result:
Use non-deprecated code
Motivation:
At the moment resolving addresses during connect is done via setting an AddressResolverGroup on the Bootstrap. While this works most of the times as expected sometimes the user want to trigger the connect() from the Channel itself and not via the Bootstrap. For this cases we should provide a ChannelHandler that the user can use that will do the resolution.
Modifications:
Add ResolveAddressHandler and tests
Result:
Be able to resolve addresses without Bootstrap
Motivation:
41c47b4 introduced a change in an existing testcase which let the build fail when jdkCompatibilityMode is false.
Modifications:
Fix unit tests
Result:
Build passes when jdkCompatibilityMode is false as well
Motivation
A bug was introduced in #9806 which looks likely to be the cause of
#9919. SniHandler will enter an infinite loop if an SSL record is
received with SSL major version byte != 3 (i.e. something other than TLS
or SSL3.0)
Modifications
- Follow default path as intended for majorVersion != 3 in
AbstractSniHandler#decode(...)
- Add unit test to reproduce the hang
Result
Fixes#9919
Motivation:
When `consolidatedWhenNoReadInProgress` is true, `channel.writeAndFlush (data) .addListener (f-> channel.writeAndFlush (data2))` Will cause data2 to never be flushed.
Because the flush operation will synchronously execute the `channel.writeAndFlush (data2))` in the `listener`, and at this time, since the current execution thread is still an `eventloop`(`executor.inEventLoop()` was true), all handlers will be executed synchronously. At this time, since `nextScheduledFlush` is still not null, the `flush` operation of `data2` will be ignored in `FlushConsolidationHandler#scheduleFlush`.
Modification:
- reset `nextScheduledFlush` before `ctx.flush`
- use `ObjectUtil` to polish code
Result:
Fixes https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/9923
Motivation:
ByteToMessageDecoder requires using an intermediate List to put results into. This intermediate list adds overhead (memory/CPU) which grows as the number of objects increases. This overhead can be avoided by directly propagating events through the ChannelPipeline via ctx.fireChannelRead(...). This also makes the semantics more clear and allows us to keep track if we need to call ctx.read() in all cases.
Modifications:
- Remove List from the method signature of ByteToMessageDecoder.decode(...) and decodeLast(...)
- Adjust all sub-classes
- Adjust unit tests
- Fix javadocs.
Result:
Adjust ByteToMessageDecoder as noted in https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/8525.
Motivation:
We should use Objects.requireNonNull(...) as we require java8
Modifications:
Replace ObjectUtil.checkNonNull(...) with Objects.requireNonNull(...)
Result:
Code cleanup
Motivation:
At the moment our AbstractSniHandler makes the assemption that Handshake messages are not fragmented. This is incorrect as it is completely valid to split these across multiple TLSPlaintext records.
Thanks to @sskrobotov for bringing this to my attentation and to @Lukasa for the help.
Modifications:
- Adjust logic in AbstractSniHandler to handle fragmentation
- Add unit tests
Result:
Correctly handle fragmented Handshake message in AbstractSniHandler (and so SniHandler).
Motivation:
This is a PR to solve the problem described here: https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/9767
Basically this PR is to add two more APIs in SslContextBuilder, for users to directly specify
the KeyManager or TrustManager they want to use when building SslContext. This is very helpful
when users want to pass in some customized implementation of KeyManager or TrustManager.
Modification:
This PR takes the first approach in here:
https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/9767#issuecomment-551927994 (comment)
which is to immediately convert the managers into factories and let factories continue to pass
through Netty.
1. Add in SslContextBuilder the two APIs mentioned above
2. Create a KeyManagerFactoryWrapper and a TrustManagerFactoryWrapper, which take a KeyManager
and a TrustManager respectively. These are two simple wrappers that do the conversion from
XXXManager class to XXXManagerFactory class
3.Create a SimpleKeyManagerFactory class(and internally X509KeyManagerWrapper for compatibility),
which hides the unnecessary details such as KeyManagerFactorySpi. This serves the similar
functionalities with SimpleTrustManagerFactory, which was already inside Netty.
Result:
Easier usage.
Motivation:
MINIMAL_WAIT is the key constant. Thus, When we see the constant, we must read more code logic to see if it is ms or ns. So improving java doc will be better.
Modifications:
Improve java doc by add "10ms" such as DEFAULT_CHECK_INTERVAL with "1s".
Result:
Easy to know it is ms and keep same java doc style with other constants such as DEFAULT_CHECK_INTERVAL.
Motivation:
sun.security.ssl.X509KeyManagerImpl will not use "stable" aliases and so aliases may be changed during invocations. This means caching is useless. Because of this we should disable the cache if its used.
Modifications:
- Disable caching if sun.security.ssl.X509KeyManagerImpl is used
- Add tests
Result:
More protection against https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/9747.
Motivation:
At the moment te cache is not bound and so lead to huge memory consumpation. We should ensure its bound by default.
Modifications:
Ensure cache is bound
Result:
Fixes https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/9747.
Motivation
Per javadoc in 4.1.x SimpleChannelInboundHandler:
"Please keep in mind that channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext, I) will be
renamed to messageReceived(ChannelHandlerContext, I) in 5.0."
Modifications
Rename aforementioned method and all references/overrides.
Result
Method is renamed.
Motivation:
Easier to debug SelfSignedCertificate failures.
Modifications:
Add first throwable as suppressed to thrown exception.
Result:
Less technical debt.
Motivation:
At the moment we directly extend the Recycler base class in our code which makes it hard to experiment with different Object pool implementation. It would be nice to be able to switch from one to another by using a system property in the future. This would also allow to more easily test things like https://github.com/netty/netty/pull/8052.
Modifications:
- Introduce ObjectPool class with static method that we now use internally to obtain an ObjectPool implementation.
- Wrap the Recycler into an ObjectPool and return it for now
Result:
Preparation for different ObjectPool implementations
Motivation:
It is common, especially in frameworks, for the parameters to `SslContextBuilder` methods to be built up as a `List` or similar `Iterable`. It is currently difficult to use `SslContextBuilder` in this case because it requires a conversion to array.
Modification:
Add overloads for methods that accept varargs to also accept `Iterable`, delegating by copying into an array.
Result:
Fixes#9293
Motivation:
Netty should respect JVM flags to control SSL protocols, eg. `-Djdk.tls.client.protocols`
Modification:
Changed `JdkSslContext` to use `SSLContext.getDefaultSSLParameters().getProtocols()` instead of `engine.getSupportedProtocols()` which is hardcoded as `SSLv2Hello, SSLv3, TLSv1, TLSv1.1, TLSv1.2`.
Result:
Without `-Djdk.tls.client.protocols`, `SSLContext.getDefaultSSLParameters().getProtocols()` returns `TLSv1, TLSv1.1, TLSv1.2`.
With `-Djdk.tls.client.protocols=TLSv1.2`, `SSLContext.getDefaultSSLParameters().getProtocols()` returns `TLSv1.2`.
Fixes#9706
Motivation:
In PR https://github.com/netty/netty/pull/9695 IdleStateEvents
were made to cache their string representation. The reason for this
was to avoid creating garbage as these values would be used frequently.
However, these objects may be used on multiple event loops and this
may cause an unexpected race to occur.
Modification:
Only make the events that Netty creates cache their toString representation.
Result:
No races.
Motivation:
We should aim to always use heap buffers when using the JDK SSLEngine for now as it wants to operate on byte[] and so will do internal memory copies if a non heap buffer is used. Beside this it will always return BUFFER_OVERFLOW when a smaller buffer then 16kb is used when calling wrap(...) (even if a very small amount of bytes should be encrypted). This can lead to excercive direct memory usage and pressure for no good reason.
Modifications:
Refactor internals of SslHandler to ensure we use heap buffers for the JDK SSLEngine impelementation
Result:
Less direct memory usage when JDK SSLEngine implementation is used
FlowControllerHandler currently may swell read-complete events in some situations.
* Fire read-complete event from flow controller, when it previously was swallowed
* New unit test to cover this case
Fixes#9667: FlowControllerHandler swallows read-complete event when auto-read is disabled
IdleStateEvent is very convenient and frequently used type of events. However both in runtime (logs) and in debug you need some manual steps to see their actual content. Default implementation generates worthless trash like this:
io.netty.handler.timeout.IdleStateEvent@27f674d
There are examples already, where event has convenient and useful toString implementation:
* io.netty.handler.proxy.ProxyConnectionEvent
* io.netty.handler.ssl.SslCompletionEvent
* Implement 'IdleStateEvent.toString' method.
* Unit test.
More useful String representation of IdleStateEvent
Motivation:
We have a public utility `OpenSsl.isAlpnSupported()` that helps users to
check if ALPN is available for `SslProvider.OPENSSL`. However, we do not
provide a similar utility for `SslProvider.JDK`. Therefore, users who
configured ALPN with `SslProvider.JDK` will get a runtime exception at
the time when a new connection will be created.
Modifications:
- Add public `SslProvider.isAlpnSupported(SslProvider)` utility method
that returns `true` if the `SslProvider` supports ALPN;
- Deprecate `OpenSsl.isAlpnSupported()`;
Result:
Users can verify if their environment supports ALPN with
`SslProvider` upfront (at bootstrap), instead of failing with
runtime exception when a new connection will be created.
Motivation:
Sometimes it is useful to be able to set attributes on a SslContext.
Modifications:
Add new method that will return a AttributeMap that is tied to a SslContext instance
Result:
Fixes https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/6542.
Motivation:
There is not need to use a CAS as everything is synchronized anyway. We can simplify the code a bit by not using it.
Modifications:
- Just remove the CAS operation
- Change from int to boolean
Result:
Code cleanup
Motivation:
Currently when the SslHandler coalesces outbound bytes it always
allocates a direct byte buffer. This does not make sense if the JDK
engine is being used as the bytes will have to be copied back to heap
bytes for the engine to operate on them.
Modifications:
Inspect engine type when coalescing outbound bytes and allocate heap
buffer if heap bytes are preferred by the engine.
Result:
Improved performance for JDK engine. Better performance in environments
without direct buffer pooling.
Motivation:
031c2e2e88 introduced some change to reduce the risk of have the `ReferenceCountedOpenSslContext` be destroyed while the `ReferenceCountedSslEngine` is still in us. Unfortunaly it missed to adjust a few tests which make assumptions about the refCnt of the context.
Modifications:
Adjust tests to take new semenatics into acount.
Result:
No more tests failures
Motivation:
With the Netty ref-counted OpenSSL implementation the parent SslContext
maintains state necessary for the SslEngine's it produces. However, it's
possible for the parent context to be closed and release those resources
before the child engines are finished which causes problems.
Modification:
Spawned ReferenceCountedOpenSslEngine's retain a reference to their
parent ReferenceCountedOpenSslContext.
Result:
The lifetime of the shared data is extended to include the lifetime of
the dependents.
Motiviation:
A lot of reentrancy bugs and cycles can happen because the DefaultPromise will notify the FutureListener directly when completely in the calling Thread if the Thread is the EventExecutor Thread. To reduce the risk of this we should always notify the listeners via the EventExecutor which basically means that we will put a task into the taskqueue of the EventExecutor and pick it up for execution after the setSuccess / setFailure methods complete the promise.
Modifications:
- Always notify via the EventExecutor
- Adjust test to ensure we correctly account for this
- Adjust tests that use the EmbeddedChannel to ensure we execute the scheduled work.
Result:
Reentrancy bugs related to the FutureListeners cant happen anymore.
Motivation:
Users can reuse the same FileChannel for different ChunkedNioFile
instances without being worried that FileChannel::position will be
changed concurrently by them.
In addition, FileChannel::read with absolute position allows to
use on *nix pread that is more efficient then fread.
Modifications:
Always use absolute FileChannel::read ops
Result:
Faster and more flexible uses of FileChannel for ChunkedNioFile
Motivation:
Due some bug we did endup with ClassCastExceptions in some cases. Beside this we also did not correctly handle the case when ReferenceCountedOpenSslEngineTest did produce tasks to run in on test.
Modifications:
- Correctly unwrap the engine before to fix ClassCastExceptions
- Run delegated tasks when needed.
Result:
All tests pass with different OpenSSL implementations (OpenSSL, BoringSSL etc)
Motivation:
SystemPropertyUtil already uses the AccessController internally so not need to wrap its usage with AccessController as well.
Modifications:
Remove explicit AccessController usage when SystemPropertyUtil is used.
Result:
Code cleanup
Motivation:
We did not correctly handle taskoffloading when using BoringSSL / OpenSSL. This could lead to the situation that we did not write the SSL alert out for the remote peer before closing the connection.
Modifications:
- Correctly handle exceptions when we resume processing on the EventLoop after the task was offloadded
- Ensure we call SSL.doHandshake(...) to flush the alert out to the outboundbuffer when an handshake exception was detected
- Correctly signal back the need to call WRAP again when a handshake exception is pending. This will ensure we flush out the alert in all cases.
Result:
No more failures when task offloading is used.
Motivation:
When using io.netty.handler.ssl.openssl.useTasks=true we may call ReferenceCountedOpenSslEngine.setKeyMaterial(...) from another thread and so need to synchronize and also check if the engine was destroyed in the meantime to eliminate of the possibility of a native crash.
The same is try when trying to access the authentication methods.
Modification:
- Add synchronized and isDestroyed() checks where missing
- Add null checks for the case when a callback is executed by another thread after the engine was destroyed already
- Move code for master key extraction to ReferenceCountedOpenSslEngine to ensure there can be no races.
Result:
No native crash possible anymore when using io.netty.handler.ssl.openssl.useTasks=true
Motivation:
At the moment it is not possible to build netty on a power 8 systems.
Modifications:
- Improve detection of the possibility of using Conscrypt
- Skip testsuite-shading when not on x86_64 as this is the only platform for which we build tcnative atm
- Only include classifier if on x86_64 for tcnative as dependency as this is the only platform for which we build tcnative atm
- Better detect if UDT test can be run
Result:
Fixes https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/9479
Norman Maurer
Johno Crawford
Bennett Lynch
Nick Hill
时无两丶
ZhenLian
stroller
Anuraag Agrawal
Zhao Yang
Carl Mastrangelo
ursa
Idel Pivnitskiy
Tim Brooks
康智冬
Bryce Anderson
Francesco Nigro