Batched MultiGet API for multiple column families (#5816)

Summary:
Add a new API that allows a user to call MultiGet specifying multiple keys belonging to different column families. This is mainly useful for users who want to do a consistent read of keys across column families, with the added performance benefits of batching and returning values using PinnableSlice.

As part of this change, the code in the original multi-column family MultiGet for acquiring the super versions has been refactored into a separate function that can be used by both, the batching and the non-batching versions of MultiGet.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5816

Test Plan:
make check
make asan_check
asan_crash_test

Differential Revision: D18408676

Pulled By: anand1976

fbshipit-source-id: 933e7bec91dd70e7b633be4ff623a1116cc28c8d

HISTORY.md

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 ### New Features
 * Universal compaction to support options.periodic_compaction_seconds. A full compaction will be triggered if any file is over the threshold.
 * `GetLiveFilesMetaData` and `GetColumnFamilyMetaData` now expose the file number of SST files as well as the oldest blob file referenced by each SST.
+* A batched MultiGet API (DB::MultiGet()) that supports retrieving keys from multiple column families.
 
 ### Performance Improvements
 * For 64-bit hashing, RocksDB is standardizing on a slightly modified preview version of XXH3. This function is now used for many non-persisted hashes, along with fastrange64() in place of the modulus operator, and some benchmarks show a slight improvement.

db/db_basic_test.cc

@@ -1019,15 +1019,27 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, DBCloseFlushError) {
   Destroy(options);
 }
 
-TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetMultiCF) {
+class DBMultiGetTestWithParam : public DBBasicTest,
+                                public testing::WithParamInterface<bool> {};
+
+TEST_P(DBMultiGetTestWithParam, MultiGetMultiCF) {
   Options options = CurrentOptions();
   CreateAndReopenWithCF({"pikachu", "ilya", "muromec", "dobrynia", "nikitich",
                          "alyosha", "popovich"},
                         options);
+  // <CF, key, value> tuples
+  std::vector<std::tuple<int, std::string, std::string>> cf_kv_vec;
+  static const int num_keys = 24;
+  cf_kv_vec.reserve(num_keys);
 
-  for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_keys; ++i) {
-    ASSERT_OK(Put(i, "cf" + std::to_string(i) + "_key",
+    int cf = i / 3;
-                  "cf" + std::to_string(i) + "_val"));
+    int cf_key = 1 % 3;
+    cf_kv_vec.emplace_back(std::make_tuple(
+        cf, "cf" + std::to_string(cf) + "_key_" + std::to_string(cf_key),
+        "cf" + std::to_string(cf) + "_val_" + std::to_string(cf_key)));
+    ASSERT_OK(Put(std::get<0>(cf_kv_vec[i]), std::get<1>(cf_kv_vec[i]),
+                  std::get<2>(cf_kv_vec[i])));
   }
 
   int get_sv_count = 0;
@@ -1037,10 +1049,14 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetMultiCF) {
         if (++get_sv_count == 2) {
           // After MultiGet refs a couple of CFs, flush all CFs so MultiGet
           // is forced to repeat the process
-          for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+          for (int i = 0; i < num_keys; ++i) {
-            ASSERT_OK(Flush(i));
+            int cf = i / 3;
-            ASSERT_OK(Put(i, "cf" + std::to_string(i) + "_key",
+            int cf_key = i % 8;
-                          "cf" + std::to_string(i) + "_val2"));
+            if (cf_key == 0) {
+              ASSERT_OK(Flush(cf));
+            }
+            ASSERT_OK(Put(std::get<0>(cf_kv_vec[i]), std::get<1>(cf_kv_vec[i]),
+                          std::get<2>(cf_kv_vec[i]) + "_2"));
           }
         }
         if (get_sv_count == 11) {
@@ -1058,26 +1074,53 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetMultiCF) {
   std::vector<std::string> keys;
   std::vector<std::string> values;
 
-  for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_keys; ++i) {
-    cfs.push_back(i);
+    cfs.push_back(std::get<0>(cf_kv_vec[i]));
-    keys.push_back("cf" + std::to_string(i) + "_key");
+    keys.push_back(std::get<1>(cf_kv_vec[i]));
   }
 
-  values = MultiGet(cfs, keys, nullptr);
+  values = MultiGet(cfs, keys, nullptr, GetParam());
-  ASSERT_EQ(values.size(), 8);
+  ASSERT_EQ(values.size(), num_keys);
   for (unsigned int j = 0; j < values.size(); ++j) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(values[j], "cf" + std::to_string(j) + "_val2");
+    ASSERT_EQ(values[j], std::get<2>(cf_kv_vec[j]) + "_2");
   }
-  for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+
+  keys.clear();
+  cfs.clear();
+  cfs.push_back(std::get<0>(cf_kv_vec[0]));
+  keys.push_back(std::get<1>(cf_kv_vec[0]));
+  cfs.push_back(std::get<0>(cf_kv_vec[3]));
+  keys.push_back(std::get<1>(cf_kv_vec[3]));
+  cfs.push_back(std::get<0>(cf_kv_vec[4]));
+  keys.push_back(std::get<1>(cf_kv_vec[4]));
+  values = MultiGet(cfs, keys, nullptr, GetParam());
+  ASSERT_EQ(values[0], std::get<2>(cf_kv_vec[0]) + "_2");
+  ASSERT_EQ(values[1], std::get<2>(cf_kv_vec[3]) + "_2");
+  ASSERT_EQ(values[2], std::get<2>(cf_kv_vec[4]) + "_2");
+
+  keys.clear();
+  cfs.clear();
+  cfs.push_back(std::get<0>(cf_kv_vec[7]));
+  keys.push_back(std::get<1>(cf_kv_vec[7]));
+  cfs.push_back(std::get<0>(cf_kv_vec[6]));
+  keys.push_back(std::get<1>(cf_kv_vec[6]));
+  cfs.push_back(std::get<0>(cf_kv_vec[1]));
+  keys.push_back(std::get<1>(cf_kv_vec[1]));
+  values = MultiGet(cfs, keys, nullptr, GetParam());
+  ASSERT_EQ(values[0], std::get<2>(cf_kv_vec[7]) + "_2");
+  ASSERT_EQ(values[1], std::get<2>(cf_kv_vec[6]) + "_2");
+  ASSERT_EQ(values[2], std::get<2>(cf_kv_vec[1]) + "_2");
+
+  for (int cf = 0; cf < 8; ++cf) {
     auto* cfd = reinterpret_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(
-                    reinterpret_cast<DBImpl*>(db_)->GetColumnFamilyHandle(i))
+                    reinterpret_cast<DBImpl*>(db_)->GetColumnFamilyHandle(cf))
                     ->cfd();
     ASSERT_NE(cfd->TEST_GetLocalSV()->Get(), SuperVersion::kSVInUse);
     ASSERT_NE(cfd->TEST_GetLocalSV()->Get(), SuperVersion::kSVObsolete);
   }
 }
 
-TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetMultiCFMutex) {
+TEST_P(DBMultiGetTestWithParam, MultiGetMultiCFMutex) {
   Options options = CurrentOptions();
   CreateAndReopenWithCF({"pikachu", "ilya", "muromec", "dobrynia", "nikitich",
                          "alyosha", "popovich"},
@@ -1123,7 +1166,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetMultiCFMutex) {
     keys.push_back("cf" + std::to_string(i) + "_key");
   }
 
-  values = MultiGet(cfs, keys, nullptr);
+  values = MultiGet(cfs, keys, nullptr, GetParam());
   ASSERT_TRUE(last_try);
   ASSERT_EQ(values.size(), 8);
   for (unsigned int j = 0; j < values.size(); ++j) {
@@ -1138,7 +1181,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetMultiCFMutex) {
   }
 }
 
-TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetMultiCFSnapshot) {
+TEST_P(DBMultiGetTestWithParam, MultiGetMultiCFSnapshot) {
   Options options = CurrentOptions();
   CreateAndReopenWithCF({"pikachu", "ilya", "muromec", "dobrynia", "nikitich",
                          "alyosha", "popovich"},
@@ -1183,7 +1226,7 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetMultiCFSnapshot) {
   }
 
   const Snapshot* snapshot = db_->GetSnapshot();
-  values = MultiGet(cfs, keys, snapshot);
+  values = MultiGet(cfs, keys, snapshot, GetParam());
   db_->ReleaseSnapshot(snapshot);
   ASSERT_EQ(values.size(), 8);
   for (unsigned int j = 0; j < values.size(); ++j) {
@@ -1197,6 +1240,9 @@ TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetMultiCFSnapshot) {
   }
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(DBMultiGetTestWithParam, DBMultiGetTestWithParam,
+                        testing::Bool());
+
 TEST_F(DBBasicTest, MultiGetBatchedSimpleUnsorted) {
   do {
     CreateAndReopenWithCF({"pikachu"}, CurrentOptions());

db/db_impl/db_impl.cc

@@ -1645,14 +1645,9 @@ std::vector<Status> DBImpl::MultiGet(
   StopWatch sw(env_, stats_, DB_MULTIGET);
   PERF_TIMER_GUARD(get_snapshot_time);
 
-  SequenceNumber snapshot;
+  SequenceNumber consistent_seqnum;
+  ;
 
-  struct MultiGetColumnFamilyData {
-    ColumnFamilyData* cfd;
-    SuperVersion* super_version;
-    MultiGetColumnFamilyData(ColumnFamilyData* cf, SuperVersion* sv)
-        : cfd(cf), super_version(sv) {}
-  };
   std::unordered_map<uint32_t, MultiGetColumnFamilyData> multiget_cf_data(
       column_family.size());
   for (auto cf : column_family) {
@@ -1660,86 +1655,20 @@ std::vector<Status> DBImpl::MultiGet(
     auto cfd = cfh->cfd();
     if (multiget_cf_data.find(cfd->GetID()) == multiget_cf_data.end()) {
       multiget_cf_data.emplace(cfd->GetID(),
-                               MultiGetColumnFamilyData(cfd, nullptr));
+                               MultiGetColumnFamilyData(cfh, nullptr));
     }
   }
 
-  bool last_try = false;
+  std::function<MultiGetColumnFamilyData*(
-  {
+      std::unordered_map<uint32_t, MultiGetColumnFamilyData>::iterator&)>
-    // If we end up with the same issue of memtable geting sealed during 2
+      iter_deref_lambda =
-    // consecutive retries, it means the write rate is very high. In that case
+          [](std::unordered_map<uint32_t, MultiGetColumnFamilyData>::iterator&
-    // its probably ok to take the mutex on the 3rd try so we can succeed for
+                 cf_iter) { return &cf_iter->second; };
-    // sure
-    static const int num_retries = 3;
-    for (auto i = 0; i < num_retries; ++i) {
-      last_try = (i == num_retries - 1);
-      bool retry = false;
 
-      if (i > 0) {
+  bool unref_only =
-        for (auto mgd_iter = multiget_cf_data.begin();
+      MultiCFSnapshot<std::unordered_map<uint32_t, MultiGetColumnFamilyData>>(
-             mgd_iter != multiget_cf_data.end(); ++mgd_iter) {
+          read_options, nullptr, iter_deref_lambda, &multiget_cf_data,
-          auto super_version = mgd_iter->second.super_version;
+          &consistent_seqnum);
-          auto cfd = mgd_iter->second.cfd;
-          if (super_version != nullptr) {
-            ReturnAndCleanupSuperVersion(cfd, super_version);
-          }
-          mgd_iter->second.super_version = nullptr;
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (read_options.snapshot == nullptr) {
-        if (last_try) {
-          TEST_SYNC_POINT("DBImpl::MultiGet::LastTry");
-          // We're close to max number of retries. For the last retry,
-          // acquire the lock so we're sure to succeed
-          mutex_.Lock();
-        }
-        snapshot = last_seq_same_as_publish_seq_
-                       ? versions_->LastSequence()
-                       : versions_->LastPublishedSequence();
-      } else {
-        snapshot = reinterpret_cast<const SnapshotImpl*>(read_options.snapshot)
-                       ->number_;
-      }
-
-      for (auto mgd_iter = multiget_cf_data.begin();
-           mgd_iter != multiget_cf_data.end(); ++mgd_iter) {
-        if (!last_try) {
-          mgd_iter->second.super_version =
-              GetAndRefSuperVersion(mgd_iter->second.cfd);
-        } else {
-          mgd_iter->second.super_version =
-              mgd_iter->second.cfd->GetSuperVersion()->Ref();
-        }
-        TEST_SYNC_POINT("DBImpl::MultiGet::AfterRefSV");
-        if (read_options.snapshot != nullptr || last_try) {
-          // If user passed a snapshot, then we don't care if a memtable is
-          // sealed or compaction happens because the snapshot would ensure
-          // that older key versions are kept around. If this is the last
-          // retry, then we have the lock so nothing bad can happen
-          continue;
-        }
-        // We could get the earliest sequence number for the whole list of
-        // memtables, which will include immutable memtables as well, but that
-        // might be tricky to maintain in case we decide, in future, to do
-        // memtable compaction.
-        if (!last_try) {
-          auto seq =
-              mgd_iter->second.super_version->mem->GetEarliestSequenceNumber();
-          if (seq > snapshot) {
-            retry = true;
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      if (!retry) {
-        if (last_try) {
-          mutex_.Unlock();
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
 
   // Contain a list of merge operations if merge occurs.
   MergeContext merge_context;
@@ -1763,7 +1692,7 @@ std::vector<Status> DBImpl::MultiGet(
     Status& s = stat_list[i];
     std::string* value = &(*values)[i];
 
-    LookupKey lkey(keys[i], snapshot);
+    LookupKey lkey(keys[i], consistent_seqnum);
     auto cfh = reinterpret_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(column_family[i]);
     SequenceNumber max_covering_tombstone_seq = 0;
     auto mgd_iter = multiget_cf_data.find(cfh->cfd()->GetID());
@@ -1807,7 +1736,7 @@ std::vector<Status> DBImpl::MultiGet(
 
   for (auto mgd_iter : multiget_cf_data) {
     auto mgd = mgd_iter.second;
-    if (!last_try) {
+    if (!unref_only) {
       ReturnAndCleanupSuperVersion(mgd.cfd, mgd.super_version);
     } else {
       mgd.cfd->GetSuperVersion()->Unref();
@@ -1824,78 +1753,21 @@ std::vector<Status> DBImpl::MultiGet(
   return stat_list;
 }
 
-// Order keys by CF ID, followed by key contents
+template <class T>
-struct CompareKeyContext {
+bool DBImpl::MultiCFSnapshot(
-  inline bool operator()(const KeyContext* lhs, const KeyContext* rhs) {
+    const ReadOptions& read_options, ReadCallback* callback,
-    const Comparator* comparator = cfd->user_comparator();
+    std::function<MultiGetColumnFamilyData*(typename T::iterator&)>&
-    int cmp = comparator->Compare(*(lhs->key), *(rhs->key));
+        iter_deref_func,
-    if (cmp < 0) {
+    T* cf_list, SequenceNumber* snapshot) {
-      return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-  const ColumnFamilyData* cfd;
-};
-
-void DBImpl::MultiGet(const ReadOptions& read_options,
-                      ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const size_t num_keys,
-                      const Slice* keys, PinnableSlice* values,
-                      Status* statuses, const bool sorted_input) {
-  autovector<KeyContext, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE> key_context;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_keys; ++i) {
-    key_context.emplace_back(keys[i], &values[i], &statuses[i]);
-  }
-
-  MultiGetImpl(read_options, column_family, key_context, sorted_input, nullptr,
-               nullptr);
-}
-
-void DBImpl::MultiGetImpl(
-    const ReadOptions& read_options, ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
-    autovector<KeyContext, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>& key_context,
-    bool sorted_input, ReadCallback* callback, bool* is_blob_index) {
-  PERF_CPU_TIMER_GUARD(get_cpu_nanos, env_);
-  StopWatch sw(env_, stats_, DB_MULTIGET);
-  size_t num_keys = key_context.size();
-
   PERF_TIMER_GUARD(get_snapshot_time);
 
-  ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* cfh =
+  bool last_try = false;
-      reinterpret_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(column_family);
+  if (cf_list->size() == 1) {
-  ColumnFamilyData* cfd = cfh->cfd();
+    // Fast path for a single column family. We can simply get the thread loca
-
+    // super version
-  autovector<KeyContext*, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE> sorted_keys;
+    auto cf_iter = cf_list->begin();
-  sorted_keys.resize(num_keys);
+    auto node = iter_deref_func(cf_iter);
-  {
+    node->super_version = GetAndRefSuperVersion(node->cfd);
-    size_t index = 0;
-    for (KeyContext& key : key_context) {
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-      if (index > 0 && sorted_input) {
-        KeyContext* lhs = &key_context[index-1];
-        KeyContext* rhs = &key_context[index];
-        const Comparator* comparator = cfd->user_comparator();
-        int cmp = comparator->Compare(*(lhs->key), *(rhs->key));
-        assert(cmp <= 0);
-      }
-#endif
-
-      sorted_keys[index] = &key;
-      index++;
-    }
-    if (!sorted_input) {
-      CompareKeyContext sort_comparator;
-      sort_comparator.cfd = cfd;
-      std::sort(sorted_keys.begin(), sorted_keys.begin() + index,
-                sort_comparator);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Keep track of bytes that we read for statistics-recording later
-  PERF_TIMER_STOP(get_snapshot_time);
-
-  // Acquire SuperVersion
-  SuperVersion* super_version = GetAndRefSuperVersion(cfd);
-  SequenceNumber snapshot;
     if (read_options.snapshot != nullptr) {
       // Note: In WritePrepared txns this is not necessary but not harmful
       // either.  Because prep_seq > snapshot => commit_seq > snapshot so if
@@ -1905,10 +1777,10 @@ void DBImpl::MultiGetImpl(
       // In WriteUnprepared, we cannot set snapshot in the lookup key because we
       // may skip uncommitted data that should be visible to the transaction for
       // reading own writes.
-    snapshot =
+      *snapshot =
-        reinterpret_cast<const SnapshotImpl*>(read_options.snapshot)->number_;
+          static_cast<const SnapshotImpl*>(read_options.snapshot)->number_;
       if (callback) {
-      snapshot = std::max(snapshot, callback->max_visible_seq());
+        *snapshot = std::max(*snapshot, callback->max_visible_seq());
       }
     } else {
       // Since we get and reference the super version before getting
@@ -1921,15 +1793,263 @@ void DBImpl::MultiGetImpl(
       // version because a flush happening in between may compact away data for
       // the snapshot, but the snapshot is earlier than the data overwriting it,
       // so users may see wrong results.
-    snapshot = last_seq_same_as_publish_seq_
+      *snapshot = last_seq_same_as_publish_seq_
                       ? versions_->LastSequence()
                       : versions_->LastPublishedSequence();
-    if (callback) {
+    }
+  } else {
+    // If we end up with the same issue of memtable geting sealed during 2
+    // consecutive retries, it means the write rate is very high. In that case
+    // its probably ok to take the mutex on the 3rd try so we can succeed for
+    // sure
+    static const int num_retries = 3;
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_retries; ++i) {
+      last_try = (i == num_retries - 1);
+      bool retry = false;
+
+      if (i > 0) {
+        for (auto cf_iter = cf_list->begin(); cf_iter != cf_list->end();
+             ++cf_iter) {
+          auto node = iter_deref_func(cf_iter);
+          SuperVersion* super_version = node->super_version;
+          ColumnFamilyData* cfd = node->cfd;
+          if (super_version != nullptr) {
+            ReturnAndCleanupSuperVersion(cfd, super_version);
+          }
+          node->super_version = nullptr;
+        }
+      }
+      if (read_options.snapshot == nullptr) {
+        if (last_try) {
+          TEST_SYNC_POINT("DBImpl::MultiGet::LastTry");
+          // We're close to max number of retries. For the last retry,
+          // acquire the lock so we're sure to succeed
+          mutex_.Lock();
+        }
+        *snapshot = last_seq_same_as_publish_seq_
+                        ? versions_->LastSequence()
+                        : versions_->LastPublishedSequence();
+      } else {
+        *snapshot = reinterpret_cast<const SnapshotImpl*>(read_options.snapshot)
+                        ->number_;
+      }
+      for (auto cf_iter = cf_list->begin(); cf_iter != cf_list->end();
+           ++cf_iter) {
+        auto node = iter_deref_func(cf_iter);
+        if (!last_try) {
+          node->super_version = GetAndRefSuperVersion(node->cfd);
+        } else {
+          node->super_version = node->cfd->GetSuperVersion()->Ref();
+        }
+        TEST_SYNC_POINT("DBImpl::MultiGet::AfterRefSV");
+        if (read_options.snapshot != nullptr || last_try) {
+          // If user passed a snapshot, then we don't care if a memtable is
+          // sealed or compaction happens because the snapshot would ensure
+          // that older key versions are kept around. If this is the last
+          // retry, then we have the lock so nothing bad can happen
+          continue;
+        }
+        // We could get the earliest sequence number for the whole list of
+        // memtables, which will include immutable memtables as well, but that
+        // might be tricky to maintain in case we decide, in future, to do
+        // memtable compaction.
+        if (!last_try) {
+          SequenceNumber seq =
+              node->super_version->mem->GetEarliestSequenceNumber();
+          if (seq > *snapshot) {
+            retry = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (!retry) {
+        if (last_try) {
+          mutex_.Unlock();
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Keep track of bytes that we read for statistics-recording later
+  PERF_TIMER_STOP(get_snapshot_time);
+
+  return last_try;
+}
+
+void DBImpl::MultiGet(const ReadOptions& read_options, const size_t num_keys,
+                      ColumnFamilyHandle** column_families, const Slice* keys,
+                      PinnableSlice* values, Status* statuses,
+                      const bool sorted_input) {
+  autovector<KeyContext, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE> key_context;
+  autovector<KeyContext*, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE> sorted_keys;
+  sorted_keys.resize(num_keys);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_keys; ++i) {
+    key_context.emplace_back(column_families[i], keys[i], &values[i],
+                             &statuses[i]);
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_keys; ++i) {
+    sorted_keys[i] = &key_context[i];
+  }
+  PrepareMultiGetKeys(num_keys, sorted_input, &sorted_keys);
+
+  autovector<MultiGetColumnFamilyData, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>
+      multiget_cf_data;
+  size_t cf_start = 0;
+  ColumnFamilyHandle* cf = sorted_keys[0]->column_family;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_keys; ++i) {
+    KeyContext* key_ctx = sorted_keys[i];
+    if (key_ctx->column_family != cf) {
+      multiget_cf_data.emplace_back(
+          MultiGetColumnFamilyData(cf, cf_start, i - cf_start, nullptr));
+      cf_start = i;
+      cf = key_ctx->column_family;
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    // multiget_cf_data.emplace_back(
+    // MultiGetColumnFamilyData(cf, cf_start, num_keys - cf_start, nullptr));
+    multiget_cf_data.emplace_back(cf, cf_start, num_keys - cf_start, nullptr);
+  }
+  std::function<MultiGetColumnFamilyData*(
+      autovector<MultiGetColumnFamilyData,
+                 MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>::iterator&)>
+      iter_deref_lambda =
+          [](autovector<MultiGetColumnFamilyData,
+                        MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>::iterator& cf_iter) {
+            return &(*cf_iter);
+          };
+
+  SequenceNumber consistent_seqnum;
+  bool unref_only = MultiCFSnapshot<
+      autovector<MultiGetColumnFamilyData, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>>(
+      read_options, nullptr, iter_deref_lambda, &multiget_cf_data,
+      &consistent_seqnum);
+
+  for (auto cf_iter = multiget_cf_data.begin();
+       cf_iter != multiget_cf_data.end(); ++cf_iter) {
+    MultiGetImpl(read_options, cf_iter->start, cf_iter->num_keys, &sorted_keys,
+                 cf_iter->super_version, consistent_seqnum, nullptr, nullptr);
+    if (!unref_only) {
+      ReturnAndCleanupSuperVersion(cf_iter->cfd, cf_iter->super_version);
+    } else {
+      cf_iter->cfd->GetSuperVersion()->Unref();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+namespace {
+// Order keys by CF ID, followed by key contents
+struct CompareKeyContext {
+  inline bool operator()(const KeyContext* lhs, const KeyContext* rhs) {
+    ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* cfh =
+        static_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(lhs->column_family);
+    uint32_t cfd_id1 = cfh->cfd()->GetID();
+    const Comparator* comparator = cfh->cfd()->user_comparator();
+    cfh = static_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(lhs->column_family);
+    uint32_t cfd_id2 = cfh->cfd()->GetID();
+
+    if (cfd_id1 < cfd_id2) {
+      return true;
+    } else if (cfd_id1 > cfd_id2) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Both keys are from the same column family
+    int cmp = comparator->Compare(*(lhs->key), *(rhs->key));
+    if (cmp < 0) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+void DBImpl::PrepareMultiGetKeys(
+    size_t num_keys, bool sorted_input,
+    autovector<KeyContext*, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>* sorted_keys) {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if (sorted_input) {
+    for (size_t index = 0; index < sorted_keys->size(); ++index) {
+      if (index > 0) {
+        KeyContext* lhs = (*sorted_keys)[index - 1];
+        KeyContext* rhs = (*sorted_keys)[index];
+        ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* cfh =
+            reinterpret_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(lhs->column_family);
+        uint32_t cfd_id1 = cfh->cfd()->GetID();
+        const Comparator* comparator = cfh->cfd()->user_comparator();
+        cfh = reinterpret_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(lhs->column_family);
+        uint32_t cfd_id2 = cfh->cfd()->GetID();
+
+        assert(cfd_id1 <= cfd_id2);
+        if (cfd_id1 < cfd_id2) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        // Both keys are from the same column family
+        int cmp = comparator->Compare(*(lhs->key), *(rhs->key));
+        assert(cmp <= 0);
+      }
+      index++;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  if (!sorted_input) {
+    CompareKeyContext sort_comparator;
+    std::sort(sorted_keys->begin(), sorted_keys->begin() + num_keys,
+              sort_comparator);
+  }
+}
+
+void DBImpl::MultiGet(const ReadOptions& read_options,
+                      ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const size_t num_keys,
+                      const Slice* keys, PinnableSlice* values,
+                      Status* statuses, const bool sorted_input) {
+  autovector<KeyContext, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE> key_context;
+  autovector<KeyContext*, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE> sorted_keys;
+  sorted_keys.resize(num_keys);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_keys; ++i) {
+    key_context.emplace_back(column_family, keys[i], &values[i], &statuses[i]);
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_keys; ++i) {
+    sorted_keys[i] = &key_context[i];
+  }
+  PrepareMultiGetKeys(num_keys, sorted_input, &sorted_keys);
+  MultiGetWithCallback(read_options, column_family, nullptr, &sorted_keys);
+}
+
+void DBImpl::MultiGetWithCallback(
+    const ReadOptions& read_options, ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+    ReadCallback* callback,
+    autovector<KeyContext*, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>* sorted_keys) {
+  std::array<MultiGetColumnFamilyData, 1> multiget_cf_data;
+  multiget_cf_data[0] = MultiGetColumnFamilyData(column_family, nullptr);
+  std::function<MultiGetColumnFamilyData*(
+      std::array<MultiGetColumnFamilyData, 1>::iterator&)>
+      iter_deref_lambda =
+          [](std::array<MultiGetColumnFamilyData, 1>::iterator& cf_iter) {
+            return &(*cf_iter);
+          };
+
+  size_t num_keys = sorted_keys->size();
+  SequenceNumber consistent_seqnum;
+  bool unref_only = MultiCFSnapshot<std::array<MultiGetColumnFamilyData, 1>>(
+      read_options, callback, iter_deref_lambda, &multiget_cf_data,
+      &consistent_seqnum);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  assert(!unref_only);
+#else
+  // Silence unused variable warning
+  (void)unref_only;
+#endif  // NDEBUG
+
+  if (callback && read_options.snapshot == nullptr) {
     // The unprep_seqs are not published for write unprepared, so it could be
     // that max_visible_seq is larger. Seek to the std::max of the two.
     // However, we still want our callback to contain the actual snapshot so
     // that it can do the correct visibility filtering.
-      callback->Refresh(snapshot);
+    callback->Refresh(consistent_seqnum);
 
     // Internally, WriteUnpreparedTxnReadCallback::Refresh would set
     // max_visible_seq = max(max_visible_seq, snapshot)
@@ -1940,10 +2060,24 @@ void DBImpl::MultiGetImpl(
     // be needed.
     //
     // assert(callback->max_visible_seq() >= snapshot);
-      snapshot = callback->max_visible_seq();
+    consistent_seqnum = callback->max_visible_seq();
   }
+
+  MultiGetImpl(read_options, 0, num_keys, sorted_keys,
+               multiget_cf_data[0].super_version, consistent_seqnum, nullptr,
+               nullptr);
+  ReturnAndCleanupSuperVersion(multiget_cf_data[0].cfd,
+                               multiget_cf_data[0].super_version);
 }
 
+void DBImpl::MultiGetImpl(
+    const ReadOptions& read_options, size_t start_key, size_t num_keys,
+    autovector<KeyContext*, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>* sorted_keys,
+    SuperVersion* super_version, SequenceNumber snapshot,
+    ReadCallback* callback, bool* is_blob_index) {
+  PERF_CPU_TIMER_GUARD(get_cpu_nanos, env_);
+  StopWatch sw(env_, stats_, DB_MULTIGET);
+
   // For each of the given keys, apply the entire "get" process as follows:
   // First look in the memtable, then in the immutable memtable (if any).
   // s is both in/out. When in, s could either be OK or MergeInProgress.
@@ -1953,8 +2087,8 @@ void DBImpl::MultiGetImpl(
     size_t batch_size = (keys_left > MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE)
                             ? MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE
                             : keys_left;
-    MultiGetContext ctx(&sorted_keys[num_keys - keys_left], batch_size,
+    MultiGetContext ctx(sorted_keys, start_key + num_keys - keys_left,
-                        snapshot);
+                        batch_size, snapshot);
     MultiGetRange range = ctx.GetMultiGetRange();
     bool lookup_current = false;
 
@@ -1992,15 +2126,14 @@ void DBImpl::MultiGetImpl(
   PERF_TIMER_GUARD(get_post_process_time);
   size_t num_found = 0;
   uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
-  for (KeyContext& key : key_context) {
+  for (size_t i = start_key; i < start_key + num_keys; ++i) {
-    if (key.s->ok()) {
+    KeyContext* key = (*sorted_keys)[i];
-      bytes_read += key.value->size();
+    if (key->s->ok()) {
+      bytes_read += key->value->size();
       num_found++;
     }
   }
 
-  ReturnAndCleanupSuperVersion(cfd, super_version);
-
   RecordTick(stats_, NUMBER_MULTIGET_CALLS);
   RecordTick(stats_, NUMBER_MULTIGET_KEYS_READ, num_keys);
   RecordTick(stats_, NUMBER_MULTIGET_KEYS_FOUND, num_found);

db/db_impl/db_impl.h

@@ -199,11 +199,15 @@ class DBImpl : public DB {
                         PinnableSlice* values, Status* statuses,
                         const bool sorted_input = false) override;
 
-  void MultiGetImpl(
+  virtual void MultiGet(const ReadOptions& options, const size_t num_keys,
+                        ColumnFamilyHandle** column_families, const Slice* keys,
+                        PinnableSlice* values, Status* statuses,
+                        const bool sorted_input = false) override;
+
+  virtual void MultiGetWithCallback(
       const ReadOptions& options, ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
-      autovector<KeyContext, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>& key_context,
+      ReadCallback* callback,
-      bool sorted_input, ReadCallback* callback = nullptr,
+      autovector<KeyContext*, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>* sorted_keys);
-      bool* is_blob_index = nullptr);
 
   virtual Status CreateColumnFamily(const ColumnFamilyOptions& cf_options,
                                     const std::string& column_family,
@@ -1640,6 +1644,81 @@ class DBImpl : public DB {
       const DBOptions& db_options,
       const std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>& column_families);
 
+  // Utility function to do some debug validation and sort the given vector
+  // of MultiGet keys
+  void PrepareMultiGetKeys(
+      const size_t num_keys, bool sorted,
+      autovector<KeyContext*, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>* key_ptrs);
+
+  // A structure to hold the information required to process MultiGet of keys
+  // belonging to one column family. For a multi column family MultiGet, there
+  // will be a container of these objects.
+  struct MultiGetColumnFamilyData {
+    ColumnFamilyHandle* cf;
+    ColumnFamilyData* cfd;
+
+    // For the batched MultiGet which relies on sorted keys, start specifies
+    // the index of first key belonging to this column family in the sorted
+    // list.
+    size_t start;
+
+    // For the batched MultiGet case, num_keys specifies the number of keys
+    // belonging to this column family in the sorted list
+    size_t num_keys;
+
+    // SuperVersion for the column family obtained in a manner that ensures a
+    // consistent view across all column families in the DB
+    SuperVersion* super_version;
+    MultiGetColumnFamilyData(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+                             SuperVersion* sv)
+        : cf(column_family),
+          cfd(static_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(cf)->cfd()),
+          start(0),
+          num_keys(0),
+          super_version(sv) {}
+
+    MultiGetColumnFamilyData(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, size_t first,
+                             size_t count, SuperVersion* sv)
+        : cf(column_family),
+          cfd(static_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(cf)->cfd()),
+          start(first),
+          num_keys(count),
+          super_version(sv) {}
+
+    MultiGetColumnFamilyData() = default;
+  };
+
+  // A common function to obtain a consistent snapshot, which can be implicit
+  // if the user doesn't specify a snapshot in read_options, across
+  // multiple column families for MultiGet. It will attempt to get an implicit
+  // snapshot without acquiring the db_mutes, but will give up after a few
+  // tries and acquire the mutex if a memtable flush happens. The template
+  // allows both the batched and non-batched MultiGet to call this with
+  // either an std::unordered_map or autovector of column families.
+  //
+  // If callback is non-null, the callback is refreshed with the snapshot
+  // sequence number
+  //
+  // A return value of true indicates that the SuperVersions were obtained
+  // from the ColumnFamilyData, whereas false indicates they are thread
+  // local
+  template <class T>
+  bool MultiCFSnapshot(
+      const ReadOptions& read_options, ReadCallback* callback,
+      std::function<MultiGetColumnFamilyData*(typename T::iterator&)>&
+          iter_deref_func,
+      T* cf_list, SequenceNumber* snapshot);
+
+  // The actual implementation of the batching MultiGet. The caller is expected
+  // to have acquired the SuperVersion and pass in a snapshot sequence number
+  // in order to construct the LookupKeys. The start_key and num_keys specify
+  // the range of keys in the sorted_keys vector for a single column family.
+  void MultiGetImpl(
+      const ReadOptions& read_options, size_t start_key, size_t num_keys,
+      autovector<KeyContext*, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>* sorted_keys,
+      SuperVersion* sv, SequenceNumber snap_seqnum, ReadCallback* callback,
+      bool* is_blob_index);
+
   // table_cache_ provides its own synchronization
   std::shared_ptr<Cache> table_cache_;
 

db/db_test_util.cc

@@ -777,7 +777,8 @@ std::string DBTestBase::Get(int cf, const std::string& k,
 
 std::vector<std::string> DBTestBase::MultiGet(std::vector<int> cfs,
                                               const std::vector<std::string>& k,
-                                              const Snapshot* snapshot) {
+                                              const Snapshot* snapshot,
+                                              const bool batched) {
   ReadOptions options;
   options.verify_checksums = true;
   options.snapshot = snapshot;
@@ -789,7 +790,9 @@ std::vector<std::string> DBTestBase::MultiGet(std::vector<int> cfs,
     handles.push_back(handles_[cfs[i]]);
     keys.push_back(k[i]);
   }
-  std::vector<Status> s = db_->MultiGet(options, handles, keys, &result);
+  std::vector<Status> s;
+  if (!batched) {
+    s = db_->MultiGet(options, handles, keys, &result);
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < s.size(); ++i) {
       if (s[i].IsNotFound()) {
         result[i] = "NOT_FOUND";
@@ -797,6 +800,22 @@ std::vector<std::string> DBTestBase::MultiGet(std::vector<int> cfs,
         result[i] = s[i].ToString();
       }
     }
+  } else {
+    std::vector<PinnableSlice> pin_values(cfs.size());
+    result.resize(cfs.size());
+    s.resize(cfs.size());
+    db_->MultiGet(options, cfs.size(), handles.data(), keys.data(),
+                  pin_values.data(), s.data());
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < s.size(); ++i) {
+      if (s[i].IsNotFound()) {
+        result[i] = "NOT_FOUND";
+      } else if (!s[i].ok()) {
+        result[i] = s[i].ToString();
+      } else {
+        result[i].assign(pin_values[i].data(), pin_values[i].size());
+      }
+    }
+  }
   return result;
 }
 

db/db_test_util.h

@@ -850,7 +850,8 @@ class DBTestBase : public testing::Test {
 
   std::vector<std::string> MultiGet(std::vector<int> cfs,
                                     const std::vector<std::string>& k,
-                                    const Snapshot* snapshot = nullptr);
+                                    const Snapshot* snapshot,
+                                    const bool batched);
 
   std::vector<std::string> MultiGet(const std::vector<std::string>& k,
                                     const Snapshot* snapshot = nullptr);

include/rocksdb/db.h

@@ -490,6 +490,47 @@ class DB {
       values++;
     }
   }
+
+  // Overloaded MultiGet API that improves performance by batching operations
+  // in the read path for greater efficiency. Currently, only the block based
+  // table format with full filters are supported. Other table formats such
+  // as plain table, block based table with block based filters and
+  // partitioned indexes will still work, but will not get any performance
+  // benefits.
+  // Parameters -
+  // options - ReadOptions
+  // column_family - ColumnFamilyHandle* that the keys belong to. All the keys
+  //                 passed to the API are restricted to a single column family
+  // num_keys - Number of keys to lookup
+  // keys - Pointer to C style array of key Slices with num_keys elements
+  // values - Pointer to C style array of PinnableSlices with num_keys elements
+  // statuses - Pointer to C style array of Status with num_keys elements
+  // sorted_input - If true, it means the input keys are already sorted by key
+  //                order, so the MultiGet() API doesn't have to sort them
+  //                again. If false, the keys will be copied and sorted
+  //                internally by the API - the input array will not be
+  //                modified
+  virtual void MultiGet(const ReadOptions& options, const size_t num_keys,
+                        ColumnFamilyHandle** column_families, const Slice* keys,
+                        PinnableSlice* values, Status* statuses,
+                        const bool /*sorted_input*/ = false) {
+    std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf;
+    std::vector<Slice> user_keys;
+    std::vector<Status> status;
+    std::vector<std::string> vals;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_keys; ++i) {
+      cf.emplace_back(column_families[i]);
+      user_keys.emplace_back(keys[i]);
+    }
+    status = MultiGet(options, cf, user_keys, &vals);
+    std::copy(status.begin(), status.end(), statuses);
+    for (auto& value : vals) {
+      values->PinSelf(value);
+      values++;
+    }
+  }
+
   // If the key definitely does not exist in the database, then this method
   // returns false, else true. If the caller wants to obtain value when the key
   // is found in memory, a bool for 'value_found' must be passed. 'value_found'

table/multiget_context.h

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
 #include <string>
 #include "db/lookup_key.h"
 #include "db/merge_context.h"
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ struct KeyContext {
   LookupKey* lkey;
   Slice ukey;
   Slice ikey;
+  ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family;
   Status* s;
   MergeContext merge_context;
   SequenceNumber max_covering_tombstone_seq;
@@ -29,9 +31,11 @@ struct KeyContext {
   PinnableSlice* value;
   GetContext* get_context;
 
-  KeyContext(const Slice& user_key, PinnableSlice* val, Status* stat)
+  KeyContext(ColumnFamilyHandle* col_family, const Slice& user_key,
+             PinnableSlice* val, Status* stat)
       : key(&user_key),
         lkey(nullptr),
+        column_family(col_family),
         s(stat),
         max_covering_tombstone_seq(0),
         key_exists(false),
@@ -85,10 +89,9 @@ class MultiGetContext {
   // htat need to be performed
   static const int MAX_BATCH_SIZE = 32;
 
-  MultiGetContext(KeyContext** sorted_keys, size_t num_keys,
+  MultiGetContext(autovector<KeyContext*, MAX_BATCH_SIZE>* sorted_keys,
-                  SequenceNumber snapshot)
+                  size_t begin, size_t num_keys, SequenceNumber snapshot)
-      : sorted_keys_(sorted_keys),
+      : num_keys_(num_keys),
-        num_keys_(num_keys),
         value_mask_(0),
         lookup_key_ptr_(reinterpret_cast<LookupKey*>(lookup_key_stack_buf)) {
     int index = 0;
@@ -100,6 +103,8 @@ class MultiGetContext {
     }
 
     for (size_t iter = 0; iter != num_keys_; ++iter) {
+      // autovector may not be contiguous storage, so make a copy
+      sorted_keys_[iter] = (*sorted_keys)[begin + iter];
       sorted_keys_[iter]->lkey = new (&lookup_key_ptr_[index])
           LookupKey(*sorted_keys_[iter]->key, snapshot);
       sorted_keys_[iter]->ukey = sorted_keys_[iter]->lkey->user_key();
@@ -118,7 +123,7 @@ class MultiGetContext {
   static const int MAX_LOOKUP_KEYS_ON_STACK = 16;
   alignas(alignof(LookupKey))
     char lookup_key_stack_buf[sizeof(LookupKey) * MAX_LOOKUP_KEYS_ON_STACK];
-  KeyContext** sorted_keys_;
+  std::array<KeyContext*, MAX_BATCH_SIZE> sorted_keys_;
   size_t num_keys_;
   uint64_t value_mask_;
   std::unique_ptr<char[]> lookup_key_heap_buf;

utilities/write_batch_with_index/write_batch_with_index.cc

@@ -963,6 +963,7 @@ void WriteBatchWithIndex::MultiGetFromBatchAndDB(
           ->immutable_db_options();
 
   autovector<KeyContext, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE> key_context;
+  autovector<KeyContext*, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE> sorted_keys;
   // To hold merges from the write batch
   autovector<std::pair<WriteBatchWithIndexInternal::Result, MergeContext>,
              MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>
@@ -1002,14 +1003,17 @@ void WriteBatchWithIndex::MultiGetFromBatchAndDB(
 
     assert(result == WriteBatchWithIndexInternal::Result::kMergeInProgress ||
            result == WriteBatchWithIndexInternal::Result::kNotFound);
-    key_context.emplace_back(keys[i], &values[i], &statuses[i]);
+    key_context.emplace_back(column_family, keys[i], &values[i], &statuses[i]);
+    sorted_keys.emplace_back(&key_context.back());
     merges.emplace_back(result, std::move(merge_context));
   }
 
   // Did not find key in batch OR could not resolve Merges.  Try DB.
   static_cast_with_check<DBImpl, DB>(db->GetRootDB())
-      ->MultiGetImpl(read_options, column_family, key_context, sorted_input,
+      ->PrepareMultiGetKeys(key_context.size(), sorted_input, &sorted_keys);
-                     callback);
+  static_cast_with_check<DBImpl, DB>(db->GetRootDB())
+      ->MultiGetWithCallback(read_options, column_family, callback,
+                             &sorted_keys);
 
   ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* cfh =
       reinterpret_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(column_family);