rocksdb/table/block_based/block_based_table_reader.h

//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
//
// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

#pragma once

#include <cstdint>

#include "cache/cache_key.h"
#include "db/range_tombstone_fragmenter.h"
#include "file/filename.h"
#include "rocksdb/slice_transform.h"
#include "rocksdb/table_properties.h"
#include "table/block_based/block.h"
#include "table/block_based/block_based_table_factory.h"
#include "table/block_based/block_type.h"
#include "table/block_based/cachable_entry.h"
#include "table/block_based/filter_block.h"
#include "table/block_based/uncompression_dict_reader.h"
#include "table/format.h"
#include "table/persistent_cache_options.h"
#include "table/table_properties_internal.h"
#include "table/table_reader.h"
#include "table/two_level_iterator.h"
#include "trace_replay/block_cache_tracer.h"

namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {

class Cache;
class FilterBlockReader;
class BlockBasedFilterBlockReader;
class FullFilterBlockReader;
class Footer;
class InternalKeyComparator;
class Iterator;
class FSRandomAccessFile;
class TableCache;
class TableReader;
class WritableFile;
struct BlockBasedTableOptions;
struct EnvOptions;
struct ReadOptions;
class GetContext;

using KVPairBlock = std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>;

// Reader class for BlockBasedTable format.
// For the format of BlockBasedTable refer to
// https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/wiki/Rocksdb-BlockBasedTable-Format.
// This is the default table type. Data is chucked into fixed size blocks and
// each block in-turn stores entries. When storing data, we can compress and/or
// encode data efficiently within a block, which often results in a much smaller
// data size compared with the raw data size. As for the record retrieval, we'll
// first locate the block where target record may reside, then read the block to
// memory, and finally search that record within the block. Of course, to avoid
// frequent reads of the same block, we introduced the block cache to keep the
// loaded blocks in the memory.
class BlockBasedTable : public TableReader {
 public:
  static const std::string kFilterBlockPrefix;
  static const std::string kFullFilterBlockPrefix;
  static const std::string kPartitionedFilterBlockPrefix;

  // All the below fields control iterator readahead
  static const size_t kInitAutoReadaheadSize = 8 * 1024;
  static const int kMinNumFileReadsToStartAutoReadahead = 2;

  // 1-byte compression type + 32-bit checksum
  static constexpr size_t kBlockTrailerSize = 5;

  // Attempt to open the table that is stored in bytes [0..file_size)
  // of "file", and read the metadata entries necessary to allow
  // retrieving data from the table.
  //
  // If successful, returns ok and sets "*table_reader" to the newly opened
  // table.  The client should delete "*table_reader" when no longer needed.
  // If there was an error while initializing the table, sets "*table_reader"
  // to nullptr and returns a non-ok status.
  //
  // @param file must remain live while this Table is in use.
  // @param prefetch_index_and_filter_in_cache can be used to disable
  // prefetching of
  //    index and filter blocks into block cache at startup
  // @param skip_filters Disables loading/accessing the filter block. Overrides
  //    prefetch_index_and_filter_in_cache, so filter will be skipped if both
  //    are set.
  // @param force_direct_prefetch if true, always prefetching to RocksDB
  //    buffer, rather than calling RandomAccessFile::Prefetch().
  static Status Open(
      const ReadOptions& ro, const ImmutableOptions& ioptions,
      const EnvOptions& env_options,
      const BlockBasedTableOptions& table_options,
      const InternalKeyComparator& internal_key_comparator,
      std::unique_ptr<RandomAccessFileReader>&& file, uint64_t file_size,
      std::unique_ptr<TableReader>* table_reader,
      const std::shared_ptr<const SliceTransform>& prefix_extractor = nullptr,
      bool prefetch_index_and_filter_in_cache = true, bool skip_filters = false,
      int level = -1, const bool immortal_table = false,
      const SequenceNumber largest_seqno = 0,
      bool force_direct_prefetch = false,
      TailPrefetchStats* tail_prefetch_stats = nullptr,
      BlockCacheTracer* const block_cache_tracer = nullptr,
      size_t max_file_size_for_l0_meta_pin = 0,
      const std::string& cur_db_session_id = "", uint64_t cur_file_num = 0);

  bool PrefixMayMatch(const Slice& internal_key,
                      const ReadOptions& read_options,
                      const SliceTransform* options_prefix_extractor,
                      const bool need_upper_bound_check,
                      BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context) const;

  // Returns a new iterator over the table contents.
  // The result of NewIterator() is initially invalid (caller must
  // call one of the Seek methods on the iterator before using it).
  // @param read_options Must outlive the returned iterator.
  // @param skip_filters Disables loading/accessing the filter block
  // compaction_readahead_size: its value will only be used if caller =
  // kCompaction.
  InternalIterator* NewIterator(const ReadOptions&,
                                const SliceTransform* prefix_extractor,
                                Arena* arena, bool skip_filters,
                                TableReaderCaller caller,
                                size_t compaction_readahead_size = 0,
                                bool allow_unprepared_value = false) override;

  FragmentedRangeTombstoneIterator* NewRangeTombstoneIterator(
      const ReadOptions& read_options) override;

  // @param skip_filters Disables loading/accessing the filter block
  Status Get(const ReadOptions& readOptions, const Slice& key,
             GetContext* get_context, const SliceTransform* prefix_extractor,
             bool skip_filters = false) override;

  void MultiGet(const ReadOptions& readOptions,
                const MultiGetContext::Range* mget_range,
                const SliceTransform* prefix_extractor,
                bool skip_filters = false) override;

  // Pre-fetch the disk blocks that correspond to the key range specified by
  // (kbegin, kend). The call will return error status in the event of
  // IO or iteration error.
  Status Prefetch(const Slice* begin, const Slice* end) override;

  // Given a key, return an approximate byte offset in the file where
  // the data for that key begins (or would begin if the key were
  // present in the file). The returned value is in terms of file
  // bytes, and so includes effects like compression of the underlying data.
  // E.g., the approximate offset of the last key in the table will
  // be close to the file length.
  uint64_t ApproximateOffsetOf(const Slice& key,
                               TableReaderCaller caller) override;

  // Given start and end keys, return the approximate data size in the file
  // between the keys. The returned value is in terms of file bytes, and so
  // includes effects like compression of the underlying data.
  // The start key must not be greater than the end key.
  uint64_t ApproximateSize(const Slice& start, const Slice& end,
                           TableReaderCaller caller) override;

  bool TEST_BlockInCache(const BlockHandle& handle) const;

  // Returns true if the block for the specified key is in cache.
  // REQUIRES: key is in this table && block cache enabled
  bool TEST_KeyInCache(const ReadOptions& options, const Slice& key);

  // Set up the table for Compaction. Might change some parameters with
  // posix_fadvise
  void SetupForCompaction() override;

  std::shared_ptr<const TableProperties> GetTableProperties() const override;

  size_t ApproximateMemoryUsage() const override;

  // convert SST file to a human readable form
  Status DumpTable(WritableFile* out_file) override;

  Status VerifyChecksum(const ReadOptions& readOptions,
                        TableReaderCaller caller) override;

  ~BlockBasedTable();

  bool TEST_FilterBlockInCache() const;
  bool TEST_IndexBlockInCache() const;

  // IndexReader is the interface that provides the functionality for index
  // access.
  class IndexReader {
   public:
    virtual ~IndexReader() = default;

    // Create an iterator for index access. If iter is null, then a new object
    // is created on the heap, and the callee will have the ownership.
    // If a non-null iter is passed in, it will be used, and the returned value
    // is either the same as iter or a new on-heap object that
    // wraps the passed iter. In the latter case the return value points
    // to a different object then iter, and the callee has the ownership of the
    // returned object.
    virtual InternalIteratorBase<IndexValue>* NewIterator(
        const ReadOptions& read_options, bool disable_prefix_seek,
        IndexBlockIter* iter, GetContext* get_context,
        BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context) = 0;

    // Report an approximation of how much memory has been used other than
    // memory that was allocated in block cache.
    virtual size_t ApproximateMemoryUsage() const = 0;
    // Cache the dependencies of the index reader (e.g. the partitions
    // of a partitioned index).
    virtual Status CacheDependencies(const ReadOptions& /*ro*/,
                                     bool /* pin */) {
      return Status::OK();
    }
  };

  class IndexReaderCommon;

  // Maximum SST file size that uses standard CacheKey encoding scheme.
  // See GetCacheKey to explain << 2. + 3 is permitted because it is trimmed
  // off by >> 2 in GetCacheKey.
  static constexpr uint64_t kMaxFileSizeStandardEncoding =
      (OffsetableCacheKey::kMaxOffsetStandardEncoding << 2) + 3;

  static void SetupBaseCacheKey(const TableProperties* properties,
                                const std::string& cur_db_session_id,
                                uint64_t cur_file_number, uint64_t file_size,
                                OffsetableCacheKey* out_base_cache_key,
                                bool* out_is_stable = nullptr);

  static CacheKey GetCacheKey(const OffsetableCacheKey& base_cache_key,
                              const BlockHandle& handle);

  static void UpdateCacheInsertionMetrics(BlockType block_type,
                                          GetContext* get_context, size_t usage,
                                          bool redundant,
                                          Statistics* const statistics);

  // Get the size to read from storage for a BlockHandle. size_t because we
  // are about to load into memory.
  static inline size_t BlockSizeWithTrailer(const BlockHandle& handle) {
    return static_cast<size_t>(handle.size() + kBlockTrailerSize);
  }

  // It's the caller's responsibility to make sure that this is
  // for raw block contents, which contains the compression
  // byte in the end.
  static inline CompressionType GetBlockCompressionType(const char* block_data,
                                                        size_t block_size) {
    return static_cast<CompressionType>(block_data[block_size]);
  }
  static inline CompressionType GetBlockCompressionType(
      const BlockContents& contents) {
    assert(contents.is_raw_block);
    return GetBlockCompressionType(contents.data.data(), contents.data.size());
  }

  // Retrieve all key value pairs from data blocks in the table.
  // The key retrieved are internal keys.
  Status GetKVPairsFromDataBlocks(std::vector<KVPairBlock>* kv_pair_blocks);

  struct Rep;

  Rep* get_rep() { return rep_; }
  const Rep* get_rep() const { return rep_; }

  // input_iter: if it is not null, update this one and return it as Iterator
  template <typename TBlockIter>
  TBlockIter* NewDataBlockIterator(
      const ReadOptions& ro, const BlockHandle& block_handle,
      TBlockIter* input_iter, BlockType block_type, GetContext* get_context,
      BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context, Status s,
      FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer, bool for_compaction = false) const;

  // input_iter: if it is not null, update this one and return it as Iterator
  template <typename TBlockIter>
  TBlockIter* NewDataBlockIterator(const ReadOptions& ro,
                                   CachableEntry<Block>& block,
                                   TBlockIter* input_iter, Status s) const;

  class PartitionedIndexIteratorState;

  template <typename TBlocklike>
  friend class FilterBlockReaderCommon;

  friend class PartitionIndexReader;

  friend class UncompressionDictReader;

 protected:
  Rep* rep_;
  explicit BlockBasedTable(Rep* rep, BlockCacheTracer* const block_cache_tracer)
      : rep_(rep), block_cache_tracer_(block_cache_tracer) {}
  // No copying allowed
  explicit BlockBasedTable(const TableReader&) = delete;
  void operator=(const TableReader&) = delete;

 private:
  friend class MockedBlockBasedTable;
  friend class BlockBasedTableReaderTestVerifyChecksum_ChecksumMismatch_Test;
  BlockCacheTracer* const block_cache_tracer_;

  void UpdateCacheHitMetrics(BlockType block_type, GetContext* get_context,
                             size_t usage) const;
  void UpdateCacheMissMetrics(BlockType block_type,
                              GetContext* get_context) const;

  Cache::Handle* GetEntryFromCache(const CacheTier& cache_tier,
                                   Cache* block_cache, const Slice& key,
                                   BlockType block_type, const bool wait,
                                   GetContext* get_context,
                                   const Cache::CacheItemHelper* cache_helper,
                                   const Cache::CreateCallback& create_cb,
                                   Cache::Priority priority) const;

  template <typename TBlocklike>
  Status InsertEntryToCache(const CacheTier& cache_tier, Cache* block_cache,
                            const Slice& key,
                            const Cache::CacheItemHelper* cache_helper,
                            std::unique_ptr<TBlocklike>& block_holder,
                            size_t charge, Cache::Handle** cache_handle,
                            Cache::Priority priority) const;

  // Either Block::NewDataIterator() or Block::NewIndexIterator().
  template <typename TBlockIter>
  static TBlockIter* InitBlockIterator(const Rep* rep, Block* block,
                                       BlockType block_type,
                                       TBlockIter* input_iter,
                                       bool block_contents_pinned);

  // If block cache enabled (compressed or uncompressed), looks for the block
  // identified by handle in (1) uncompressed cache, (2) compressed cache, and
  // then (3) file. If found, inserts into the cache(s) that were searched
  // unsuccessfully (e.g., if found in file, will add to both uncompressed and
  // compressed caches if they're enabled).
  //
  // @param block_entry value is set to the uncompressed block if found. If
  //    in uncompressed block cache, also sets cache_handle to reference that
  //    block.
  template <typename TBlocklike>
  Status MaybeReadBlockAndLoadToCache(
      FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer, const ReadOptions& ro,
      const BlockHandle& handle, const UncompressionDict& uncompression_dict,
      const bool wait, CachableEntry<TBlocklike>* block_entry,
      BlockType block_type, GetContext* get_context,
      BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context, BlockContents* contents) const;

  // Similar to the above, with one crucial difference: it will retrieve the
  // block from the file even if there are no caches configured (assuming the
  // read options allow I/O).
  template <typename TBlocklike>
  Status RetrieveBlock(FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
                       const ReadOptions& ro, const BlockHandle& handle,
                       const UncompressionDict& uncompression_dict,
                       CachableEntry<TBlocklike>* block_entry,
                       BlockType block_type, GetContext* get_context,
                       BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context,
                       bool for_compaction, bool use_cache,
                       bool wait_for_cache) const;

  void RetrieveMultipleBlocks(
      const ReadOptions& options, const MultiGetRange* batch,
      const autovector<BlockHandle, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>* handles,
      autovector<Status, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>* statuses,
      autovector<CachableEntry<Block>, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE>*
          results,
      char* scratch, const UncompressionDict& uncompression_dict) const;

  // Get the iterator from the index reader.
  //
  // If input_iter is not set, return a new Iterator.
  // If input_iter is set, try to update it and return it as Iterator.
  // However note that in some cases the returned iterator may be different
  // from input_iter. In such case the returned iterator should be freed.
  //
  // Note: ErrorIterator with Status::Incomplete shall be returned if all the
  // following conditions are met:
  //  1. We enabled table_options.cache_index_and_filter_blocks.
  //  2. index is not present in block cache.
  //  3. We disallowed any io to be performed, that is, read_options ==
  //     kBlockCacheTier
  InternalIteratorBase<IndexValue>* NewIndexIterator(
      const ReadOptions& read_options, bool need_upper_bound_check,
      IndexBlockIter* input_iter, GetContext* get_context,
      BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context) const;

  // Read block cache from block caches (if set): block_cache and
  // block_cache_compressed.
  // On success, Status::OK with be returned and @block will be populated with
  // pointer to the block as well as its block handle.
  // @param uncompression_dict Data for presetting the compression library's
  //    dictionary.
  template <typename TBlocklike>
  Status GetDataBlockFromCache(const Slice& cache_key, Cache* block_cache,
                               Cache* block_cache_compressed,
                               const ReadOptions& read_options,
                               CachableEntry<TBlocklike>* block,
                               const UncompressionDict& uncompression_dict,
                               BlockType block_type, const bool wait,
                               GetContext* get_context) const;

  // Put a raw block (maybe compressed) to the corresponding block caches.
  // This method will perform decompression against raw_block if needed and then
  // populate the block caches.
  // On success, Status::OK will be returned; also @block will be populated with
  // uncompressed block and its cache handle.
  //
  // Allocated memory managed by raw_block_contents will be transferred to
  // PutDataBlockToCache(). After the call, the object will be invalid.
  // @param uncompression_dict Data for presetting the compression library's
  //    dictionary.
  template <typename TBlocklike>
  Status PutDataBlockToCache(const Slice& cache_key, Cache* block_cache,
                             Cache* block_cache_compressed,
                             CachableEntry<TBlocklike>* cached_block,
                             BlockContents* raw_block_contents,
                             CompressionType raw_block_comp_type,
                             const UncompressionDict& uncompression_dict,
                             MemoryAllocator* memory_allocator,
                             BlockType block_type,
                             GetContext* get_context) const;

  // Calls (*handle_result)(arg, ...) repeatedly, starting with the entry found
  // after a call to Seek(key), until handle_result returns false.
  // May not make such a call if filter policy says that key is not present.
  friend class TableCache;
  friend class BlockBasedTableBuilder;

  // Create a index reader based on the index type stored in the table.
  // Optionally, user can pass a preloaded meta_index_iter for the index that
  // need to access extra meta blocks for index construction. This parameter
  // helps avoid re-reading meta index block if caller already created one.
  Status CreateIndexReader(const ReadOptions& ro,
                           FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
                           InternalIterator* preloaded_meta_index_iter,
                           bool use_cache, bool prefetch, bool pin,
                           BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context,
                           std::unique_ptr<IndexReader>* index_reader);

  bool FullFilterKeyMayMatch(const ReadOptions& read_options,
                             FilterBlockReader* filter, const Slice& user_key,
                             const bool no_io,
                             const SliceTransform* prefix_extractor,
                             GetContext* get_context,
                             BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context) const;

  void FullFilterKeysMayMatch(const ReadOptions& read_options,
                              FilterBlockReader* filter, MultiGetRange* range,
                              const bool no_io,
                              const SliceTransform* prefix_extractor,
                              BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context) const;

  // If force_direct_prefetch is true, always prefetching to RocksDB
  //    buffer, rather than calling RandomAccessFile::Prefetch().
  static Status PrefetchTail(
      const ReadOptions& ro, RandomAccessFileReader* file, uint64_t file_size,
      bool force_direct_prefetch, TailPrefetchStats* tail_prefetch_stats,
      const bool prefetch_all, const bool preload_all,
      std::unique_ptr<FilePrefetchBuffer>* prefetch_buffer);
  Status ReadMetaIndexBlock(const ReadOptions& ro,
                            FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
                            std::unique_ptr<Block>* metaindex_block,
                            std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator>* iter);
  Status ReadPropertiesBlock(const ReadOptions& ro,
                             FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
                             InternalIterator* meta_iter,
                             const SequenceNumber largest_seqno);
  Status ReadRangeDelBlock(const ReadOptions& ro,
                           FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
                           InternalIterator* meta_iter,
                           const InternalKeyComparator& internal_comparator,
                           BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context);
  Status PrefetchIndexAndFilterBlocks(
      const ReadOptions& ro, FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
      InternalIterator* meta_iter, BlockBasedTable* new_table,
      bool prefetch_all, const BlockBasedTableOptions& table_options,
      const int level, size_t file_size, size_t max_file_size_for_l0_meta_pin,
      BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context);

  static BlockType GetBlockTypeForMetaBlockByName(const Slice& meta_block_name);

  Status VerifyChecksumInMetaBlocks(InternalIteratorBase<Slice>* index_iter);
  Status VerifyChecksumInBlocks(const ReadOptions& read_options,
                                InternalIteratorBase<IndexValue>* index_iter);

  // Create the filter from the filter block.
  std::unique_ptr<FilterBlockReader> CreateFilterBlockReader(
      const ReadOptions& ro, FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
      bool use_cache, bool prefetch, bool pin,
      BlockCacheLookupContext* lookup_context);

  // Size of all data blocks, maybe approximate
  uint64_t GetApproximateDataSize();

  // Given an iterator return its offset in data block section of file.
  uint64_t ApproximateDataOffsetOf(
      const InternalIteratorBase<IndexValue>& index_iter,
      uint64_t data_size) const;

  // Helper functions for DumpTable()
  Status DumpIndexBlock(std::ostream& out_stream);
  Status DumpDataBlocks(std::ostream& out_stream);
  void DumpKeyValue(const Slice& key, const Slice& value,
                    std::ostream& out_stream);

  // Returns true if prefix_extractor is compatible with that used in building
  // the table file.
  bool PrefixExtractorChanged(const SliceTransform* prefix_extractor) const;

  // A cumulative data block file read in MultiGet lower than this size will
  // use a stack buffer
  static constexpr size_t kMultiGetReadStackBufSize = 8192;

  friend class PartitionedFilterBlockReader;
  friend class PartitionedFilterBlockTest;
  friend class DBBasicTest_MultiGetIOBufferOverrun_Test;
};

// Maintaining state of a two-level iteration on a partitioned index structure.
class BlockBasedTable::PartitionedIndexIteratorState
    : public TwoLevelIteratorState {
 public:
  PartitionedIndexIteratorState(
      const BlockBasedTable* table,
      std::unordered_map<uint64_t, CachableEntry<Block>>* block_map);
  InternalIteratorBase<IndexValue>* NewSecondaryIterator(
      const BlockHandle& index_value) override;

 private:
  // Don't own table_
  const BlockBasedTable* table_;
  std::unordered_map<uint64_t, CachableEntry<Block>>* block_map_;
};

// Stores all the properties associated with a BlockBasedTable.
// These are immutable.
struct BlockBasedTable::Rep {
  Rep(const ImmutableOptions& _ioptions, const EnvOptions& _env_options,
      const BlockBasedTableOptions& _table_opt,
      const InternalKeyComparator& _internal_comparator, bool skip_filters,
      uint64_t _file_size, int _level, const bool _immortal_table)
      : ioptions(_ioptions),
        env_options(_env_options),
        table_options(_table_opt),
        filter_policy(skip_filters ? nullptr : _table_opt.filter_policy.get()),
        internal_comparator(_internal_comparator),
        filter_type(FilterType::kNoFilter),
        index_type(BlockBasedTableOptions::IndexType::kBinarySearch),
        hash_index_allow_collision(false),
        whole_key_filtering(_table_opt.whole_key_filtering),
        prefix_filtering(true),
        global_seqno(kDisableGlobalSequenceNumber),
        file_size(_file_size),
        level(_level),
        immortal_table(_immortal_table) {}
  ~Rep() { status.PermitUncheckedError(); }
  const ImmutableOptions& ioptions;
  const EnvOptions& env_options;
  const BlockBasedTableOptions table_options;
  const FilterPolicy* const filter_policy;
  const InternalKeyComparator& internal_comparator;
  Status status;
  std::unique_ptr<RandomAccessFileReader> file;
  OffsetableCacheKey base_cache_key;
  PersistentCacheOptions persistent_cache_options;

  // Footer contains the fixed table information
  Footer footer;

  std::unique_ptr<IndexReader> index_reader;
  std::unique_ptr<FilterBlockReader> filter;
  std::unique_ptr<UncompressionDictReader> uncompression_dict_reader;

  enum class FilterType {
    kNoFilter,
    kFullFilter,
    kBlockFilter,
    kPartitionedFilter,
  };
  FilterType filter_type;
  BlockHandle filter_handle;
  BlockHandle compression_dict_handle;

  std::shared_ptr<const TableProperties> table_properties;
  BlockBasedTableOptions::IndexType index_type;
  bool hash_index_allow_collision;
  bool whole_key_filtering;
  bool prefix_filtering;
  // TODO(kailiu) It is very ugly to use internal key in table, since table
  // module should not be relying on db module. However to make things easier
  // and compatible with existing code, we introduce a wrapper that allows
  // block to extract prefix without knowing if a key is internal or not.
  // null if no prefix_extractor is passed in when opening the table reader.
  std::unique_ptr<SliceTransform> internal_prefix_transform;
  std::shared_ptr<const SliceTransform> table_prefix_extractor;

  std::shared_ptr<const FragmentedRangeTombstoneList> fragmented_range_dels;

  // If global_seqno is used, all Keys in this file will have the same
  // seqno with value `global_seqno`.
  //
  // A value of kDisableGlobalSequenceNumber means that this feature is disabled
  // and every key have it's own seqno.
  SequenceNumber global_seqno;

  // Size of the table file on disk
  uint64_t file_size;

  // the level when the table is opened, could potentially change when trivial
  // move is involved
  int level;

  // If false, blocks in this file are definitely all uncompressed. Knowing this
  // before reading individual blocks enables certain optimizations.
  bool blocks_maybe_compressed = true;

  // If true, data blocks in this file are definitely ZSTD compressed. If false
  // they might not be. When false we skip creating a ZSTD digested
  // uncompression dictionary. Even if we get a false negative, things should
  // still work, just not as quickly.
  bool blocks_definitely_zstd_compressed = false;

  // These describe how index is encoded.
  bool index_has_first_key = false;
  bool index_key_includes_seq = true;
  bool index_value_is_full = true;

  const bool immortal_table;

  SequenceNumber get_global_seqno(BlockType block_type) const {
    return (block_type == BlockType::kFilter ||
            block_type == BlockType::kCompressionDictionary)
               ? kDisableGlobalSequenceNumber
               : global_seqno;
  }

  uint64_t cf_id_for_tracing() const {
    return table_properties
               ? table_properties->column_family_id
               : ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TablePropertiesCollectorFactory::Context::
                     kUnknownColumnFamily;
  }

  Slice cf_name_for_tracing() const {
    return table_properties ? table_properties->column_family_name
                            : BlockCacheTraceHelper::kUnknownColumnFamilyName;
  }

  uint32_t level_for_tracing() const { return level >= 0 ? level : UINT32_MAX; }

  uint64_t sst_number_for_tracing() const {
    return file ? TableFileNameToNumber(file->file_name()) : UINT64_MAX;
  }
  void CreateFilePrefetchBuffer(size_t readahead_size,
                                size_t max_readahead_size,
                                std::unique_ptr<FilePrefetchBuffer>* fpb,
                                bool implicit_auto_readahead) const {
    fpb->reset(new FilePrefetchBuffer(readahead_size, max_readahead_size,
                                      !ioptions.allow_mmap_reads /* enable */,
                                      false /* track_min_offset */,
                                      implicit_auto_readahead));
  }

  void CreateFilePrefetchBufferIfNotExists(
      size_t readahead_size, size_t max_readahead_size,
      std::unique_ptr<FilePrefetchBuffer>* fpb,
      bool implicit_auto_readahead) const {
    if (!(*fpb)) {
      CreateFilePrefetchBuffer(readahead_size, max_readahead_size, fpb,
                               implicit_auto_readahead);
    }
  }
};

// This is an adapter class for `WritableFile` to be used for `std::ostream`.
// The adapter wraps a `WritableFile`, which can be passed to a `std::ostream`
// constructor for storing streaming data.
// Note:
//  * This adapter doesn't provide any buffering, each write is forwarded to
//    `WritableFile->Append()` directly.
//  * For a failed write, the user needs to check the status by `ostream.good()`
class WritableFileStringStreamAdapter : public std::stringbuf {
 public:
  explicit WritableFileStringStreamAdapter(WritableFile* writable_file)
      : file_(writable_file) {}

  // Override overflow() to handle `sputc()`. There are cases that will not go
  // through `xsputn()` e.g. `std::endl` or an unsigned long long is written by
  // `os.put()` directly and will call `sputc()` By internal implementation:
  //    int_type __CLR_OR_THIS_CALL sputc(_Elem _Ch) {  // put a character
  //        return 0 < _Pnavail() ? _Traits::to_int_type(*_Pninc() = _Ch) :
  //        overflow(_Traits::to_int_type(_Ch));
  //    }
  // As we explicitly disabled buffering (_Pnavail() is always 0), every write,
  // not captured by xsputn(), becomes an overflow here.
  int overflow(int ch = EOF) override {
    if (ch != EOF) {
      Status s = file_->Append(Slice((char*)&ch, 1));
      if (s.ok()) {
        return ch;
      }
    }
    return EOF;
  }

  std::streamsize xsputn(char const* p, std::streamsize n) override {
    Status s = file_->Append(Slice(p, n));
    if (!s.ok()) {
      return 0;
    }
    return n;
  }

 private:
  WritableFile* file_;
};

}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE