rocksdb/table/format.cc

//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
//
// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

#include "table/format.h"

#include <string>
#include <inttypes.h>

#include "monitoring/perf_context_imp.h"
#include "monitoring/statistics.h"
#include "rocksdb/env.h"
#include "table/block.h"
#include "table/block_based_table_reader.h"
#include "table/persistent_cache_helper.h"
#include "util/coding.h"
#include "util/compression.h"
#include "util/crc32c.h"
#include "util/file_reader_writer.h"
#include "util/logging.h"
#include "util/stop_watch.h"
#include "util/string_util.h"
#include "util/xxhash.h"

namespace rocksdb {

extern const uint64_t kLegacyBlockBasedTableMagicNumber;
extern const uint64_t kBlockBasedTableMagicNumber;

#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
extern const uint64_t kLegacyPlainTableMagicNumber;
extern const uint64_t kPlainTableMagicNumber;
#else
// ROCKSDB_LITE doesn't have plain table
const uint64_t kLegacyPlainTableMagicNumber = 0;
const uint64_t kPlainTableMagicNumber = 0;
#endif
const uint32_t DefaultStackBufferSize = 5000;

bool ShouldReportDetailedTime(Env* env, Statistics* stats) {
  return env != nullptr && stats != nullptr &&
         stats->stats_level_ > kExceptDetailedTimers;
}

void BlockHandle::EncodeTo(std::string* dst) const {
  // Sanity check that all fields have been set
  assert(offset_ != ~static_cast<uint64_t>(0));
  assert(size_ != ~static_cast<uint64_t>(0));
  PutVarint64Varint64(dst, offset_, size_);
}

Status BlockHandle::DecodeFrom(Slice* input) {
  if (GetVarint64(input, &offset_) &&
      GetVarint64(input, &size_)) {
    return Status::OK();
  } else {
    // reset in case failure after partially decoding
    offset_ = 0;
    size_ = 0;
    return Status::Corruption("bad block handle");
  }
}

// Return a string that contains the copy of handle.
std::string BlockHandle::ToString(bool hex) const {
  std::string handle_str;
  EncodeTo(&handle_str);
  if (hex) {
    return Slice(handle_str).ToString(true);
  } else {
    return handle_str;
  }
}

const BlockHandle BlockHandle::kNullBlockHandle(0, 0);

namespace {
inline bool IsLegacyFooterFormat(uint64_t magic_number) {
  return magic_number == kLegacyBlockBasedTableMagicNumber ||
         magic_number == kLegacyPlainTableMagicNumber;
}
inline uint64_t UpconvertLegacyFooterFormat(uint64_t magic_number) {
  if (magic_number == kLegacyBlockBasedTableMagicNumber) {
    return kBlockBasedTableMagicNumber;
  }
  if (magic_number == kLegacyPlainTableMagicNumber) {
    return kPlainTableMagicNumber;
  }
  assert(false);
  return 0;
}
}  // namespace

// legacy footer format:
//    metaindex handle (varint64 offset, varint64 size)
//    index handle     (varint64 offset, varint64 size)
//    <padding> to make the total size 2 * BlockHandle::kMaxEncodedLength
//    table_magic_number (8 bytes)
// new footer format:
//    checksum (char, 1 byte)
//    metaindex handle (varint64 offset, varint64 size)
//    index handle     (varint64 offset, varint64 size)
//    <padding> to make the total size 2 * BlockHandle::kMaxEncodedLength + 1
//    footer version (4 bytes)
//    table_magic_number (8 bytes)
void Footer::EncodeTo(std::string* dst) const {
  assert(HasInitializedTableMagicNumber());
  if (IsLegacyFooterFormat(table_magic_number())) {
    // has to be default checksum with legacy footer
    assert(checksum_ == kCRC32c);
    const size_t original_size = dst->size();
    metaindex_handle_.EncodeTo(dst);
    index_handle_.EncodeTo(dst);
    dst->resize(original_size + 2 * BlockHandle::kMaxEncodedLength);  // Padding
    PutFixed32(dst, static_cast<uint32_t>(table_magic_number() & 0xffffffffu));
    PutFixed32(dst, static_cast<uint32_t>(table_magic_number() >> 32));
    assert(dst->size() == original_size + kVersion0EncodedLength);
  } else {
    const size_t original_size = dst->size();
    dst->push_back(static_cast<char>(checksum_));
    metaindex_handle_.EncodeTo(dst);
    index_handle_.EncodeTo(dst);
    dst->resize(original_size + kNewVersionsEncodedLength - 12);  // Padding
    PutFixed32(dst, version());
    PutFixed32(dst, static_cast<uint32_t>(table_magic_number() & 0xffffffffu));
    PutFixed32(dst, static_cast<uint32_t>(table_magic_number() >> 32));
    assert(dst->size() == original_size + kNewVersionsEncodedLength);
  }
}

Footer::Footer(uint64_t _table_magic_number, uint32_t _version)
    : version_(_version),
      checksum_(kCRC32c),
      table_magic_number_(_table_magic_number) {
  // This should be guaranteed by constructor callers
  assert(!IsLegacyFooterFormat(_table_magic_number) || version_ == 0);
}

Status Footer::DecodeFrom(Slice* input) {
  assert(!HasInitializedTableMagicNumber());
  assert(input != nullptr);
  assert(input->size() >= kMinEncodedLength);

  const char *magic_ptr =
      input->data() + input->size() - kMagicNumberLengthByte;
  const uint32_t magic_lo = DecodeFixed32(magic_ptr);
  const uint32_t magic_hi = DecodeFixed32(magic_ptr + 4);
  uint64_t magic = ((static_cast<uint64_t>(magic_hi) << 32) |
                    (static_cast<uint64_t>(magic_lo)));

  // We check for legacy formats here and silently upconvert them
  bool legacy = IsLegacyFooterFormat(magic);
  if (legacy) {
    magic = UpconvertLegacyFooterFormat(magic);
  }
  set_table_magic_number(magic);

  if (legacy) {
    // The size is already asserted to be at least kMinEncodedLength
    // at the beginning of the function
    input->remove_prefix(input->size() - kVersion0EncodedLength);
    version_ = 0 /* legacy */;
    checksum_ = kCRC32c;
  } else {
    version_ = DecodeFixed32(magic_ptr - 4);
    // Footer version 1 and higher will always occupy exactly this many bytes.
    // It consists of the checksum type, two block handles, padding,
    // a version number, and a magic number
    if (input->size() < kNewVersionsEncodedLength) {
      return Status::Corruption("input is too short to be an sstable");
    } else {
      input->remove_prefix(input->size() - kNewVersionsEncodedLength);
    }
    uint32_t chksum;
    if (!GetVarint32(input, &chksum)) {
      return Status::Corruption("bad checksum type");
    }
    checksum_ = static_cast<ChecksumType>(chksum);
  }

  Status result = metaindex_handle_.DecodeFrom(input);
  if (result.ok()) {
    result = index_handle_.DecodeFrom(input);
  }
  if (result.ok()) {
    // We skip over any leftover data (just padding for now) in "input"
    const char* end = magic_ptr + kMagicNumberLengthByte;
    *input = Slice(end, input->data() + input->size() - end);
  }
  return result;
}

std::string Footer::ToString() const {
  std::string result, handle_;
  result.reserve(1024);

  bool legacy = IsLegacyFooterFormat(table_magic_number_);
  if (legacy) {
    result.append("metaindex handle: " + metaindex_handle_.ToString() + "\n  ");
    result.append("index handle: " + index_handle_.ToString() + "\n  ");
    result.append("table_magic_number: " +
                  rocksdb::ToString(table_magic_number_) + "\n  ");
  } else {
    result.append("checksum: " + rocksdb::ToString(checksum_) + "\n  ");
    result.append("metaindex handle: " + metaindex_handle_.ToString() + "\n  ");
    result.append("index handle: " + index_handle_.ToString() + "\n  ");
    result.append("footer version: " + rocksdb::ToString(version_) + "\n  ");
    result.append("table_magic_number: " +
                  rocksdb::ToString(table_magic_number_) + "\n  ");
  }
  return result;
}

Status ReadFooterFromFile(RandomAccessFileReader* file,
                          FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
                          uint64_t file_size, Footer* footer,
                          uint64_t enforce_table_magic_number) {
  if (file_size < Footer::kMinEncodedLength) {
    return Status::Corruption(
      "file is too short (" + ToString(file_size) + " bytes) to be an "
      "sstable: " + file->file_name());
  }

  char footer_space[Footer::kMaxEncodedLength];
  Slice footer_input;
  size_t read_offset =
      (file_size > Footer::kMaxEncodedLength)
          ? static_cast<size_t>(file_size - Footer::kMaxEncodedLength)
          : 0;
  Status s;
  if (prefetch_buffer == nullptr ||
      !prefetch_buffer->TryReadFromCache(read_offset, Footer::kMaxEncodedLength,
                                         &footer_input)) {
    s = file->Read(read_offset, Footer::kMaxEncodedLength, &footer_input,
                   footer_space);
    if (!s.ok()) return s;
  }

  // Check that we actually read the whole footer from the file. It may be
  // that size isn't correct.
  if (footer_input.size() < Footer::kMinEncodedLength) {
    return Status::Corruption(
      "file is too short (" + ToString(file_size) + " bytes) to be an "
      "sstable" + file->file_name());
  }

  s = footer->DecodeFrom(&footer_input);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
  }
  if (enforce_table_magic_number != 0 &&
      enforce_table_magic_number != footer->table_magic_number()) {
    return Status::Corruption(
      "Bad table magic number: expected "
      + ToString(enforce_table_magic_number) + ", found "
      + ToString(footer->table_magic_number())
      + " in " + file->file_name());
  }
  return Status::OK();
}

// Without anonymous namespace here, we fail the warning -Wmissing-prototypes
namespace {
Status CheckBlockChecksum(const ReadOptions& options, const Footer& footer,
                          const Slice& contents, size_t block_size,
                          RandomAccessFileReader* file,
                          const BlockHandle& handle) {
  Status s;
  // Check the crc of the type and the block contents
  if (options.verify_checksums) {
    const char* data = contents.data();  // Pointer to where Read put the data
    PERF_TIMER_GUARD(block_checksum_time);
    uint32_t value = DecodeFixed32(data + block_size + 1);
    uint32_t actual = 0;
    switch (footer.checksum()) {
      case kCRC32c:
        value = crc32c::Unmask(value);
        actual = crc32c::Value(data, block_size + 1);
        break;
      case kxxHash:
        actual = XXH32(data, static_cast<int>(block_size) + 1, 0);
        break;
      default:
        s = Status::Corruption(
            "unknown checksum type " + ToString(footer.checksum()) + " in " +
            file->file_name() + " offset " + ToString(handle.offset()) +
            " size " + ToString(block_size));
    }
    if (s.ok() && actual != value) {
      s = Status::Corruption(
          "block checksum mismatch: expected " + ToString(actual) + ", got " +
          ToString(value) + "  in " + file->file_name() + " offset " +
          ToString(handle.offset()) + " size " + ToString(block_size));
    }
    if (!s.ok()) {
      return s;
    }
  }
  return s;
}

// Read a block and check its CRC
// contents is the result of reading.
// According to the implementation of file->Read, contents may not point to buf
Status ReadBlock(RandomAccessFileReader* file, const Footer& footer,
                 const ReadOptions& options, const BlockHandle& handle,
                 Slice* contents, /* result of reading */ char* buf) {
  size_t n = static_cast<size_t>(handle.size());
  Status s;

  {
    PERF_TIMER_GUARD(block_read_time);
    s = file->Read(handle.offset(), n + kBlockTrailerSize, contents, buf);
  }

  PERF_COUNTER_ADD(block_read_count, 1);
  PERF_COUNTER_ADD(block_read_byte, n + kBlockTrailerSize);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
  }
  if (contents->size() != n + kBlockTrailerSize) {
    return Status::Corruption("truncated block read from " + file->file_name() +
                              " offset " + ToString(handle.offset()) +
                              ", expected " + ToString(n + kBlockTrailerSize) +
                              " bytes, got " + ToString(contents->size()));
  }
  return CheckBlockChecksum(options, footer, *contents, n, file, handle);
}

}  // namespace

Status ReadBlockContents(RandomAccessFileReader* file,
                         FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
                         const Footer& footer, const ReadOptions& read_options,
                         const BlockHandle& handle, BlockContents* contents,
                         const ImmutableCFOptions& ioptions,
                         bool decompression_requested,
                         const Slice& compression_dict,
                         const PersistentCacheOptions& cache_options) {
  Status status;
  Slice slice;
  size_t n = static_cast<size_t>(handle.size());
  std::unique_ptr<char[]> heap_buf;
  char stack_buf[DefaultStackBufferSize];
  char* used_buf = nullptr;
  rocksdb::CompressionType compression_type;

  if (cache_options.persistent_cache &&
      !cache_options.persistent_cache->IsCompressed()) {
    status = PersistentCacheHelper::LookupUncompressedPage(cache_options,
                                                           handle, contents);
    if (status.ok()) {
      // uncompressed page is found for the block handle
      return status;
    } else {
      // uncompressed page is not found
      if (ioptions.info_log && !status.IsNotFound()) {
        assert(!status.ok());
        ROCKS_LOG_INFO(ioptions.info_log,
                       "Error reading from persistent cache. %s",
                       status.ToString().c_str());
      }
    }
  }

  bool got_from_prefetch_buffer = false;
  if (prefetch_buffer != nullptr &&
      prefetch_buffer->TryReadFromCache(
          handle.offset(),
          static_cast<size_t>(handle.size()) + kBlockTrailerSize, &slice)) {
    status =
        CheckBlockChecksum(read_options, footer, slice,
                           static_cast<size_t>(handle.size()), file, handle);
    if (!status.ok()) {
      return status;
    }
    got_from_prefetch_buffer = true;
    used_buf = const_cast<char*>(slice.data());
  } else if (cache_options.persistent_cache &&
             cache_options.persistent_cache->IsCompressed()) {
    // lookup uncompressed cache mode p-cache
    status = PersistentCacheHelper::LookupRawPage(
        cache_options, handle, &heap_buf, n + kBlockTrailerSize);
  } else {
    status = Status::NotFound();
  }

  if (!got_from_prefetch_buffer) {
    if (status.ok()) {
      // cache hit
      used_buf = heap_buf.get();
      slice = Slice(heap_buf.get(), n);
    } else {
      if (ioptions.info_log && !status.IsNotFound()) {
        assert(!status.ok());
        ROCKS_LOG_INFO(ioptions.info_log,
                       "Error reading from persistent cache. %s",
                       status.ToString().c_str());
      }
      // cache miss read from device
      if (decompression_requested &&
          n + kBlockTrailerSize < DefaultStackBufferSize) {
        // If we've got a small enough hunk of data, read it in to the
        // trivially allocated stack buffer instead of needing a full malloc()
        used_buf = &stack_buf[0];
      } else {
        heap_buf = std::unique_ptr<char[]>(new char[n + kBlockTrailerSize]);
        used_buf = heap_buf.get();
      }

      status = ReadBlock(file, footer, read_options, handle, &slice, used_buf);
      if (status.ok() && read_options.fill_cache &&
          cache_options.persistent_cache &&
          cache_options.persistent_cache->IsCompressed()) {
        // insert to raw cache
        PersistentCacheHelper::InsertRawPage(cache_options, handle, used_buf,
                                             n + kBlockTrailerSize);
      }
    }

    if (!status.ok()) {
      return status;
    }
  }

  PERF_TIMER_GUARD(block_decompress_time);

  compression_type = static_cast<rocksdb::CompressionType>(slice.data()[n]);

  if (decompression_requested && compression_type != kNoCompression) {
    // compressed page, uncompress, update cache
    status = UncompressBlockContents(slice.data(), n, contents,
                                     footer.version(), compression_dict,
                                     ioptions);
  } else if (slice.data() != used_buf) {
    // the slice content is not the buffer provided
    *contents = BlockContents(Slice(slice.data(), n), false, compression_type);
  } else {
    // page is uncompressed, the buffer either stack or heap provided
    if (got_from_prefetch_buffer || used_buf == &stack_buf[0]) {
      heap_buf = std::unique_ptr<char[]>(new char[n]);
      memcpy(heap_buf.get(), used_buf, n);
    }
    *contents = BlockContents(std::move(heap_buf), n, true, compression_type);
  }

  if (status.ok() && !got_from_prefetch_buffer && read_options.fill_cache &&
      cache_options.persistent_cache &&
      !cache_options.persistent_cache->IsCompressed()) {
    // insert to uncompressed cache
    PersistentCacheHelper::InsertUncompressedPage(cache_options, handle,
                                                  *contents);
  }

  return status;
}

Status UncompressBlockContentsForCompressionType(
    const char* data, size_t n, BlockContents* contents,
    uint32_t format_version, const Slice& compression_dict,
    CompressionType compression_type, const ImmutableCFOptions &ioptions) {
  std::unique_ptr<char[]> ubuf;

  assert(compression_type != kNoCompression && "Invalid compression type");

  StopWatchNano timer(ioptions.env,
    ShouldReportDetailedTime(ioptions.env, ioptions.statistics));
  int decompress_size = 0;
  switch (compression_type) {
    case kSnappyCompression: {
      size_t ulength = 0;
      static char snappy_corrupt_msg[] =
        "Snappy not supported or corrupted Snappy compressed block contents";
      if (!Snappy_GetUncompressedLength(data, n, &ulength)) {
        return Status::Corruption(snappy_corrupt_msg);
      }
      ubuf.reset(new char[ulength]);
      if (!Snappy_Uncompress(data, n, ubuf.get())) {
        return Status::Corruption(snappy_corrupt_msg);
      }
      *contents = BlockContents(std::move(ubuf), ulength, true, kNoCompression);
      break;
    }
    case kZlibCompression:
      ubuf.reset(Zlib_Uncompress(
          data, n, &decompress_size,
          GetCompressFormatForVersion(kZlibCompression, format_version),
          compression_dict));
      if (!ubuf) {
        static char zlib_corrupt_msg[] =
          "Zlib not supported or corrupted Zlib compressed block contents";
        return Status::Corruption(zlib_corrupt_msg);
      }
      *contents =
          BlockContents(std::move(ubuf), decompress_size, true, kNoCompression);
      break;
    case kBZip2Compression:
      ubuf.reset(BZip2_Uncompress(
          data, n, &decompress_size,
          GetCompressFormatForVersion(kBZip2Compression, format_version)));
      if (!ubuf) {
        static char bzip2_corrupt_msg[] =
          "Bzip2 not supported or corrupted Bzip2 compressed block contents";
        return Status::Corruption(bzip2_corrupt_msg);
      }
      *contents =
          BlockContents(std::move(ubuf), decompress_size, true, kNoCompression);
      break;
    case kLZ4Compression:
      ubuf.reset(LZ4_Uncompress(
          data, n, &decompress_size,
          GetCompressFormatForVersion(kLZ4Compression, format_version),
          compression_dict));
      if (!ubuf) {
        static char lz4_corrupt_msg[] =
          "LZ4 not supported or corrupted LZ4 compressed block contents";
        return Status::Corruption(lz4_corrupt_msg);
      }
      *contents =
          BlockContents(std::move(ubuf), decompress_size, true, kNoCompression);
      break;
    case kLZ4HCCompression:
      ubuf.reset(LZ4_Uncompress(
          data, n, &decompress_size,
          GetCompressFormatForVersion(kLZ4HCCompression, format_version),
          compression_dict));
      if (!ubuf) {
        static char lz4hc_corrupt_msg[] =
          "LZ4HC not supported or corrupted LZ4HC compressed block contents";
        return Status::Corruption(lz4hc_corrupt_msg);
      }
      *contents =
          BlockContents(std::move(ubuf), decompress_size, true, kNoCompression);
      break;
    case kXpressCompression:
      ubuf.reset(XPRESS_Uncompress(data, n, &decompress_size));
      if (!ubuf) {
        static char xpress_corrupt_msg[] =
          "XPRESS not supported or corrupted XPRESS compressed block contents";
        return Status::Corruption(xpress_corrupt_msg);
      }
      *contents =
        BlockContents(std::move(ubuf), decompress_size, true, kNoCompression);
      break;
    case kZSTD:
    case kZSTDNotFinalCompression:
      ubuf.reset(ZSTD_Uncompress(data, n, &decompress_size, compression_dict));
      if (!ubuf) {
        static char zstd_corrupt_msg[] =
            "ZSTD not supported or corrupted ZSTD compressed block contents";
        return Status::Corruption(zstd_corrupt_msg);
      }
      *contents =
          BlockContents(std::move(ubuf), decompress_size, true, kNoCompression);
      break;
    default:
      return Status::Corruption("bad block type");
  }

  if(ShouldReportDetailedTime(ioptions.env, ioptions.statistics)){
    MeasureTime(ioptions.statistics, DECOMPRESSION_TIMES_NANOS,
      timer.ElapsedNanos());
    MeasureTime(ioptions.statistics, BYTES_DECOMPRESSED, contents->data.size());
    RecordTick(ioptions.statistics, NUMBER_BLOCK_DECOMPRESSED);
  }

  return Status::OK();
}

//
// The 'data' points to the raw block contents that was read in from file.
// This method allocates a new heap buffer and the raw block
// contents are uncompresed into this buffer. This
// buffer is returned via 'result' and it is upto the caller to
// free this buffer.
// format_version is the block format as defined in include/rocksdb/table.h
Status UncompressBlockContents(const char* data, size_t n,
                               BlockContents* contents, uint32_t format_version,
                               const Slice& compression_dict,
                               const ImmutableCFOptions &ioptions) {
  assert(data[n] != kNoCompression);
  return UncompressBlockContentsForCompressionType(
      data, n, contents, format_version, compression_dict,
      (CompressionType)data[n], ioptions);
}

}  // namespace rocksdb