lecture 8 completed

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@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ $$
We cannot have a sample of $n = \infty$ so we will introduce another assumption:
the \red{Chernoff-Hoffding bound}
\subsection{Chernoff-Hoffding bound}
\section{Chernoff-Hoffding bound}
$$
Z_1,...,Z_n \quad \textit{iid random variable} \qquad \barra{E}\left[Z_t \right] = u
$$
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ $
\\
We are using the bound of e to bound the deviation of this.
\subsubsection{Union Bound}
\section{Union Bound}
Union bound: a collection of event not necessary disjoint, then i know
that probability of the union of this event is the at most the sum of the
probabilities of individual events
@ -177,4 +177,124 @@ In risk we get opt in $h^*$ but in empirical one we could get another $h$ bet
\\\\
In order to fix on a concrete algorithm we are going to take the empirical Islam
minimiser (ERM) algorithm.
\\
$A$ is $ERM$ on $H$ \qquad $\left(A\right) = \hat{h} = (\in) \, argmin \, \hat{\ell}_S\left(h\right)
$
\\
Once I piack $\hat{h}$ i can look at training error of ERM
\\
$$ \hat{\ell}_S\left(\hat{h}\right) of \hat{h} = A(S)$$
where $\hat{\ell}_S$ is the training error
\\\\
Should $\hat{\ell}_S\left(\hat{h}\right)$ be close to $\ell_D\left(\hat{h}\right)$ ?
\\
Im interested in empirical error minimiser and do a trivial decomposition.
\\\\
$$
\ell_d\left(\hat{h}\right) = \quad \ell_D\left(\hat{h}\right) - \ell_d\left(h^*\right) + \qquad \longrightarrow \red{\textbf{ Variance error $\Rightarrow$ Overfitting}}
$$
$$
\qquad \quad +\, \ell_d\left(h^+\right) - \ell_d\left(f^*\right) + \qquad \longrightarrow \red{\textbf{ Bias error $\Rightarrow$ Underfitting}}
$$
$$ \qquad \qquad \quad
+ \, \ell_D\left(f^*\right)\qquad \qquad \quad \longrightarrow \red{\textbf{ Bayes risk $\Rightarrow$ Unavoidable}}
$$\\
Even the best predictor is going to suffer that\\
$$ f^* \textit{ is \textbf{Bayes Optimal} for $(D,\ell)$ }
$$
$$\forall \, h \qquad \ell_D\left(h\right) \geq \ell_D\left(f^*\right)
$$
If $f^* \not\in H$ then $\ell_D\left(h^*\right) > \ell_D (f^*) $
\\\\
If i pick $h^*$ I will pick some error because we are not close enough to the risk.\\
We called this component \red{\textbf{bias error}}.\\
Bias error is responsible for underfitting (when training and test are close
to each but they are both high :( )\\
\red{\textbf{Variance error}} over fitting
\\
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{../img/lez7-img6.JPG}
\caption{Draw of how $\hat{h}$, $h^*$ and $f^*$ are represented}
%\label{fig:}
\end{figure}\\
Variance is a random quantity and we want to study this.
We can always get risk from training error.
\\\\
\section{Studying overfitting of a ERM}
We can bound it with probability.\\
\bred{I add and subtract trivial traning error $\hat{\ell}_S\left(h\right)$}
$$
\ell_D \left(\hat{h}\right)
-\ell_d \left(h^*\right)
\quad
=
\quad
\ell_D \left(\hat{h}\right) -
\hat{\ell}_S\left( h \right)
+
\hat{\ell}_S \left( \hat{h} \right)
- \ell_D\left( h^* \right) \leq
$$
$$
\leq \, \ell_D \left(\hat{h}\right) -
\hat{\ell}_S\left( \hat{h} \right)
+
\hat{\ell}_S \left( h^* \right)
- \ell_D\left( h^* \right) \leq \,
$$
$$
\leq \, | \, \ell_D\left(\hat{h}\right) - \hat{\ell}_S\left(h\right) \, | + | \, \hat{\ell}_S\left(h^+\right) - \ell_D\left(h^*\right) \, |\, \leq
$$
$$
\leq \quad 2 \cdot max \, |\hat{\ell}_S\left(h\right) - \ell_D\left(h\right) |
$$
(no probability here)\\
\textbf{Any given $\hat{h}$ minising $\hat{\ell}_S\left(h\right)$}
\\\\
Now assume we have a large deviation
\\
$$
\textit{Assume \quad } \ell_D\left(\hat{h}\right) - \ell_D \left(h^* \right) > \varepsilon \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad max \, | \, \hat{\ell}_S\left(h\right) - \ell_D \left(h\right) \, | > \frac{\varepsilon}{2}
$$
\\
We know $\ell_d\left(\hat{h}\right) - \ell_D\left(h^*\right)
\quad \leq \quad 2
\cdot max \,|\, \hat{\ell}_S \left(h\right) - \ell_D\left(h\right) \, |$ \quad $\Rightarrow$
\\
$$
\Rightarrow \quad \exists h \in H \qquad | \, \hat{\ell}_S\left(h\right) - \ell_D\left(h \right) \, | \, > \frac{3}{2} \qquad \Rightarrow
$$
with $|H| < \infty$
$$
\Rightarrow U \left( \, | \, \hat{\ell}_S\left(h\right) - \ell_D \left(h\right) \, | \, \right) > \frac{3}{2}
$$
\\
$$
\barra{P} \left( \ell_D \left(\hat{h}\right) - \ell_D \left( h^* \right)
>
\varepsilon \right) \quad \leq \quad \barra{P} \left( U \left( \, | \, \hat{\ell}_S\left(h\right) - \ell_D \left(h\right) \, | \, \right) > \frac{3}{2} \right) \quad \leq
$$
$$
\red{\leq} \quad \sum_{h \in H}{} \, \barra{P} \left( \, | \, \hat{\ell}_S\left(h\right) - \ell_D \left(h\right) \, | \, > \frac{3}{2} \right) \qquad \leq \qquad \sum_{h \in H}{} 2 \cdot e^{-2 \, \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)^2 \, m} \qquad \leq
$$
\bred{Union Bound } \blue{Chernoff. Hoffding bound ($\barra{P} \left( ... \right) $)}
$$
\leq \quad 2 \cdot |H| e^{- \, \frac{\varepsilon^2}{2} \, m}
$$
\\
Solve for $\varepsilon$ \qquad
$
2 \cdot |H| e^{- \, \frac{\varepsilon^2}{2} \, m} \quad = \quad \delta
$
$$
\textit{ Solve for } \varepsilon \longrightarrow \quad \varepsilon = \sqrt[]{\frac{2}{m} \cdot \ln \cdot \frac{2|H|}{\delta}}
$$
$$
\ell_D\left(\hat{h}\right) - \ell_D \left( h^* \right) \quad\leq \quad \sqrt[]{\frac{2}{m} \cdot \ln \cdot \frac{2|H|}{\delta}}
$$
\\
With probability at least $1 - \delta$ with respect to random draw of $S$.\\
We want $m >> ln |H|$ \quad $\longrightarrow$ in order to avoid overfitting
\\
\end{document}

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Chapter 8.
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Chapter 10.
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1.2}Zero-one loss for binary classification}{31}%
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