Motivation:
In #9603 the executor hung on shutdown because of an abandoned task
on another executor the first was waiting for.
Modifications:
This commit modifies the executor shutdown sequence to include
switching to SHUTDOWN state and then running all remaining tasks.
This ensures that no more tasks are scheduled after SHUTDOWN and
the last pass of running remaining tasks will take it all.
Any tasks scheduled after SHUTDOWN will be rejected.
This change preserves the functionality of graceful shutdown with
quiet period and only adds one more pass of task execution after
the default shutdown process has finished and the executor is
ready for termination.
Result:
After this change tasks that succeed to be added to the executor will
be always executed. Tasks which come late will be rejected instead of
abandoned.
Motivation:
Replace Map with Set. `reportedLeaks` has better semantics as a Set, and if it is a Map, it seems that the value of this Map has no meaning to us.
Modifications:
Use Set.
Result:
Cleaner code
Motivation
The event loop implementations had become somewhat tangled over time and
work was done recently to streamline EpollEventLoop. NioEventLoop would
benefit from the same treatment and it is more straighforward now that
we can follow the same structure as was done for epoll.
Modifications
Untangle NioEventLoop logic and mirror what's now done in EpollEventLoop
w.r.t. the volatile selector wake-up guard and scheduled task deadline
handling.
Some common refinements to EpollEventLoop have also been included - to
use constants for the "special" deadline/wakeup volatile values and to
avoid some unnecessary calls to System.nanoTime() on task-only
iterations.
Result
Hopefully cleaner, more efficient and less fragile NIO transport
implementation.
Motivation:
We can move some methods etc to make encapsulation better in Recycler
Modifications:
Move / rename methods to make usage more clear
Result:
Code cleanup
Motivation
Currently when future tasks are scheduled via EventExecutors from a
different thread, at least two allocations are performed - the
ScheduledFutureTask wrapping the to-be-run task, and a Runnable wrapping
the action to add to the scheduled task priority queue. The latter can
be avoided by incorporating this logic into the former.
Modification
- When scheduling or cancelling a future task from outside the event
loop, enqueue the task itself rather than wrapping in a Runnable
- Have ScheduledFutureTask#run first verify the task's deadline has
passed and if not add or remove it from the scheduledTaskQueue depending
on its cancellation state
- Add new outside-event-loop benchmarks to ScheduleFutureTaskBenchmark
Result
Fewer allocations when scheduling/cancelling future tasks
Motivation
The recycling ratio is currently implemented by comparing with a masked
count. The mask operation is not free and also not necessary.
Modification
Change the count(s) to just iterate over the corresponding interval,
which requires only a comparison and no mask.
Also make "first time recycle" behaviour consistent and revert change to
RecyclerTest made in #9727.
Result
Less recycling overhead
Motivation:
At the moment we only enfore ratioMask for the Stack which means that we only guard against recycle burts when recycled from the same Thread. We should also enforce the ratioMask in the WeakOrderQueue so we also guard against the bursts when recycle from other threads.
Modifications:
- Keep counter in WeakOrderQueue to enforce ratioMask as well
- Adjust unit test
Result:
Better guard against recycle bursts which could pollute the heap unnecessary.
Motivation
Currently the visibility of the various Recycler inner classes and their
fields isn't optimal. Some private members are accessed by other classes
resulting in synthetic methods, and other non-private classes/members
are only accessed privately and so can be made private.
Modifications
- Increase/reduce visibility of various fields/methods/classes within
Recycler
- Have WeakOrderQueue extend WeakReference<Thread> to eliminate the
owner field
- Change local DefaultHandle var to DefaultHandle<?> to avoid raw type
compiler warning
Result
Tidier code, fewer implicit methods on hot paths (reducing inlining
depths)
Motivation
This is already done internally for various reasons but it would make
sense i.m.o. as a top level concept: submitting a task to be run on the
event loop which doesn't need to run immediately but must still be
executed in FIFO order relative all other submitted tasks (be those
"lazy" or otherwise).
It's nice to separate this abstract "relaxed" semantic from concrete
implementations - the simplest is to just delegate to existing execute,
but for the main EL impls translates to whether a wakeup is required
after enqueuing.
Having a "global" abstraction also allows for simplification of our
internal use - for example encapsulating more of the common scheduled
future logic within AbstractScheduledEventExecutor.
Modifications
- Introduce public LazyRunnable interface and
AbstractEventExecutor#lazyExecute method (would be nice for this to be
added to EventExecutor interface in netty 5)
- Tweak existing SingleThreadEventExecutor mechanics to support these
- Replace internal use of NonWakeupRunnable (such as for pre-flush
channel writes)
- Uplift scheduling-related hooks into AbstractScheduledEventExecutor,
eliminating intermediate executeScheduledRunnable method
Result
Simpler code, cleaner and more useful/flexible abstractions - cleaner in
that they fully communicate the intent in a more general way, without
implying/exposing/restricting implementation details
Motivation:
We currently use a finalizer to ensure we correctly return the reserved back to the Stack but this is not really needed as we can ensure we return it when needed before dropping the WeakOrderQueue
Modifications:
Use explicit method call to ensure we return the reserved space back before dropping the object
Result:
Less finalizer usage and so less work for the GC
Motivation:
We null out the element in the array after we decrement the current size of the Stack but not directly write back the updated size to the stored field. This is problematic as we do some validation before we write it back and so may never do so if the validation fails. This then later can lead to have null objects returned where not expected
Modifications:
Update size directly after null out object
Result:
No more unexpected null value possible
##Motivation
The InternalLoggerFactory attempts to instantiate different logger
implementations to discover what is available on the class path,
accepting the first implementation that does not throw an exception.
Currently, the default ordering will attempt to instantiate a Log4j1
logger before Log4j2. For environments where both Log4j1 and Log4j2 are
available, this will result in using the older version. It seems that it
would be more intuitive to prefer the newer version, when possible.
##Modifications
Change the default ordering to attempt to use the Log4J2LoggerFactory
before the Log4JLoggerFactory.
##Result
For environments where both Log4j1 and Log4j2 are available on the class
path (but Slf4J is not available), Netty will now use Log4j2 instead of
Log4j1.
Motivation:
If maxDelayedQueues == 0 we should never put any WeakHashMap into the FastThreadLocal for a Thread.
Modifications:
Check if maxDelayedQueues == 0 and if so return directly. This will ensure we never call FastThreadLocal.initialValue() in this case
Result:
Less overhead / memory usage when maxDelayedQueues == 0
Motivation:
At the moment we directly extend the Recycler base class in our code which makes it hard to experiment with different Object pool implementation. It would be nice to be able to switch from one to another by using a system property in the future. This would also allow to more easily test things like https://github.com/netty/netty/pull/8052.
Modifications:
- Introduce ObjectPool class with static method that we now use internally to obtain an ObjectPool implementation.
- Wrap the Recycler into an ObjectPool and return it for now
Result:
Preparation for different ObjectPool implementations
Motivation:
We do not correct guard against the gact that when applying our workaround for windows we may end up with a 0 sleep period. In this case we should just sleep for 1 ms.
Modifications:
Guard agains the case when our calculation will produce 0 as sleep time on windows
Result:
Fixes https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/9710.
Motivation:
Netty is an asynchronous framework.
If somebody uses a blocking call inside Netty's event loops,
it may lead to a severe performance degradation.
BlockHound is a tool that helps detecting such calls.
Modifications:
This change adds a BlockHound's SPI integration that marks
threads created by Netty (`FastThreadLocalThread`s) as non-blocking.
It also marks some of Netty's internal methods as whitelisted
as they are required to run the event loops.
Result:
When BlockHound is installed, any blocking call inside event loops
is intercepted and reported (by default an error will be thrown).
Motivation
Currently when future tasks are scheduled via schedule(Runnable, ...)
methods, the supplied Runnable is wrapped in a newly allocated Callable
adapter prior to being wrapped in a ScheduledFutureTask.
This can be avoided which saves an object allocation per scheduled task.
Modifications
Change the Callable task field of ScheduledFutureTask to be of type
Object so that it can hold/run Runnables directly in addition to
Callables.
An "adapter" is still used in the case a Runnable is scheduled with an
explicit constant non-null completion value, assumed to be rare.
Result
Less garbage
Motivation:
We can use the `@SuppressJava6Requirement` annotation to be more precise about when we use Java6+ APIs. This helps us to ensure we always protect these places.
Modifications:
Make use of `@SuppressJava6Requirement` explicit
Result:
Fixes https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2509.
Motivation
The current event loop shutdown logic is quite fragile and in the
epoll/NIO cases relies on the default 1 second wait/select timeout that
applies when there are no scheduled tasks. Without this default timeout
the shutdown would hang indefinitely.
The timeout only takes effect in this case because queued scheduled
tasks are first cancelled in
SingleThreadEventExecutor#confirmShutdown(), but I _think_ even this
isn't robust, since the main task queue is subsequently serviced which
could result in some new scheduled task being queued with much later
deadline.
It also means shutdowns are unnecessarily delayed by up to 1 second.
Modifications
- Add/extend unit tests to expose the issue
- Adjust SingleThreadEventExecutor shutdown and confirmShutdown methods
to explicitly add no-op tasks to the taskQueue so that the subsequent
event loop iteration doesn't enter blocking wait (as looks like was
originally intended)
Results
Faster and more robust shutdown of event loops, allows removal of the
default wait timeout
Motivation
When ScheduledFutureTasks complete, there's no need to retain a ref to
the wrapped task. Clearing it could help in particular with the case
where many scheduled tasks have been cancelled but their queue removal
delayed (since it is done lazily).
Modifications
This comprises just the PromiseTask changes from #9580. Upon completion,
replace the task reference with a static sentinel depending on the type
of completion (so that it will be reflected by toString).
Result
More expedient collection of cancelled task objects
Motivation:
Recycler$Stack.pop will occurs `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` in some race cases, we should double check `size` even after `scavenge` called.
Modifications:
Double check `size` after `scavenge`
Result:
avoid ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException in `pop`
Motivation
Currently a static AtomicLong is used to allocate a unique id whenever a
task is scheduled to any event loop. This could be a source of
contention if delayed tasks are scheduled at a high frequency and can be
easily avoided by having a non-volatile id counter per queue.
Modifications
- Replace static AtomicLong ScheduledFutureTask#nextTaskId with a long
field in AbstractScheduledExecutorService
- Set ScheduledFutureTask#id based on this when adding the task to the
queue (in event loop) instead of at construction time
- Add simple benchmark
Result
Less contention / cache-miss possibility when scheduling future tasks
Before:
Benchmark (num) Mode Cnt Score Error Units
scheduleLots 100000 thrpt 20 346.008 ± 21.931 ops/s
Benchmark (num) Mode Cnt Score Error Units
scheduleLots 100000 thrpt 20 654.824 ± 22.064 ops/s
Motivation:
peek() is implemented in a similar way to poll() for the mpsc queue, thus it is more like a consumer call.
It is possible that we could have multiple thread call peek() and possibly one thread calls poll() at at the same time.
This lead to multiple consumer scenario, which violates the multiple producer single consumer condition and could lead to spin in an infinite loop in peek()
Modification:
Use isEmpty() instead of peek() to check if task queue is empty
Result:
Dont violate the mpsc semantics.
Motivation:
SystemPropertyUtil already uses the AccessController internally so not need to wrap its usage with AccessController as well.
Modifications:
Remove explicit AccessController usage when SystemPropertyUtil is used.
Result:
Code cleanup
Motivation:
At the current moment HttpContentEncoder handle only first value of multiple accept-encoding headers.
Modification:
Join multiple accept-encoding headers to one separated by comma.
Result:
Fixes#9553
Motivation
Currently every call to get() on a promise results in two reads of the
volatile result field when one would suffice. Maybe this is optimized
away but it seems sensible not to rely on that.
Modification
Reimplement get() and get(...) in DefaultPromise to reduce volatile access.
Result
Fewer volatile reads.
Motivation
#9152 reverted some static exception reuse optimizations due to the
problem with Throwable#addSuppressed() raised in #9151. This introduced
a performance issue when promises are cancelled at a high frequency due
to the construction cost of CancellationException at the time that
DefaultPromise#cancel() is called.
Modifications
- Reinstate the prior static CANCELLATION_CAUSE_HOLDER but use it just
as a sentinel to indicate cancellation, constructing a new
CancellationException only if/when one needs to be explicitly
returned/thrown
- Subclass CancellationException, overriding fillInStackTrace() to
minimize the construction cost in these cases
Result
Promises are much cheaper to cancel. Fixes#9522.
Motivation:
There are some extra log level checks (logger.isWarnEnabled()).
Modification:
Remove log level checks (logger.isWarnEnabled()) from io.netty.channel.epoll.AbstractEpollStreamChannel, io.netty.channel.DefaultFileRegion, io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioChannel, io.netty.util.HashedWheelTimer, io.netty.handler.stream.ChunkedWriteHandler and io.netty.channel.udt.nio.NioUdtMessageConnectorChannel
Result:
Fixes#9456
Motivation:
The Netty classes are initialized at build time by default for GraalVM Native Image compilation. This is configured via the `--initialize-at-build-time=io.netty` option. While this reduces start-up time it can lead to some problems:
- The class initializer of `io.netty.buffer.PooledByteBufAllocator` looks at the maximum memory size to compute the size of internal buffers. If the class initializer runs during image generation, then the buffers are sized according to the very large heap size that the image generator uses, and Netty allocates several arrays that are 16 MByte. The fix is to initialize the following 3 classes at run time: `io.netty.buffer.PooledByteBufAllocator,io.netty.buffer.ByteBufAllocator,io.netty.buffer.ByteBufUtil`. This fix was dependent on a GraalVM Native Image fix that was included in 19.2.0.
- The class initializer of `io.netty.handler.ssl.util.ThreadLocalInsecureRandom` needs to be initialized at runtime to ensure that the generated values are trully random and not fixed for each generated image.
- The class initializers of `io.netty.buffer.AbstractReferenceCountedByteBuf` and `io.netty.util.AbstractReferenceCounted` compute field offsets. While the field offset recomputation is necessary for correct execution as a native image these initializers also have logic that depends on the presence/absence of `sun.misc.Unsafe`, e.g., via the `-Dio.netty.noUnsafe=true` flag. The fix is to push these initializers to runtime so that the field offset lookups (and the logic depending on them) run at run time. This way no manual substitutions are necessary either.
Modifications:
Add `META-INF/native-image` configuration files that correctly trigger the inialization of the above classes at run time via `--initialize-at-run-time=...` flags.
Result:
Fixes the initialisation issues described above for Netty executables built with GraalVM.
Motivation
The epoll transport was updated in #7834 to decouple setting of the
timerFd from the event loop, so that scheduling delayed tasks does not
require waking up epoll_wait. To achieve this, new overridable hooks
were added in the AbstractScheduledEventExecutor and
SingleThreadEventExecutor superclasses.
However, the minimumDelayScheduledTaskRemoved hook has no current
purpose and I can't envisage a _practical_ need for it. Removing
it would reduce complexity and avoid supporting this specific
API indefinitely. We can add something similar later if needed
but the opposite is not true.
There also isn't a _nice_ way to use the abstractions for
wakeup-avoidance optimizations in other EventLoops that don't have a
decoupled timer.
This PR replaces executeScheduledRunnable and
wakesUpForScheduledRunnable
with two new methods before/afterFutureTaskScheduled that have slightly
different semantics:
- They only apply to additions; given the current internals there's no
practical use for removals
- They allow per-submission wakeup decisions via a boolean return val,
which makes them easier to exploit from other existing EL impls (e.g.
NIO/KQueue)
- They are subjectively "cleaner", taking just the deadline parameter
and not exposing Runnables
- For current EL/queue impls, only the "after" hook is really needed,
but specialized blocking queue impls can conditionally wake on task
submission (I have one lined up)
Also included are further optimization/simplification/fixes to the
timerFd manipulation logic.
Modifications
- Remove AbstractScheduledEventExecutor#minimumDelayScheduledTaskRemoved()
and supporting methods
- Uplift NonWakeupRunnable and corresponding default wakesUpForTask()
impl from SingleThreadEventLoop to SingleThreadEventExecutor
- Change executeScheduledRunnable() to be package-private, and have a
final impl in SingleThreadEventExecutor which triggers new overridable
hooks before/afterFutureTaskScheduled()
- Remove unnecessary use of bookend tasks while draining the task queue
- Use new hooks to add simpler wake-up avoidance optimization to
NioEventLoop (primarily to demonstrate utility/simplicity)
- Reinstate removed EpollTest class
In EpollEventLoop:
- Refactor to use only the new afterFutureTaskScheduled() hook for
updating timerFd
- Fix setTimerFd race condition using a monitor
- Set nextDeadlineNanos to a negative value while the EL is awake and
use this to block timer changes from outside the EL. Restore the
known-set value prior to sleeping, updating timerFd first if necessary
- Don't read from timerFd when processing expiry event
Result
- Cleaner API for integrating with different EL/queue timing impls
- Fixed race condition to avoid missing scheduled wakeups
- Eliminate unnecessary timerFd updates while EL is awake, and
unnecessary expired timerFd reads
- Avoid unnecessary scheduled-task wakeups when using NIO transport
I did not yet further explore the suggestion of using
TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME for the timerFd.
Motivation:
AsciiString.contentEqualsIgnoreCase may return true for non-matching strings of equal length when offset is non zero.
Modifications:
- Correctly take offset into account
- Add unit test
Result:
Fixes#9475
Motivation:
EPOLL supports decoupling the timed wakeup mechanism from the selector call. The EPOLL transport takes advantage of this in order to offer more fine grained timer resolution. However we are current calling timerfd_settime on each call to epoll_wait and this is expensive. We don't have to re-arm the timer on every call to epoll_wait and instead only have to arm the timer when a task is scheduled with an earlier expiration than any other existing scheduled task.
Modifications:
- Before scheduled tasks are added to the task queue, we determine if the new
duration is the soonest to expire, and if so update with timerfd_settime. We
also drain all the tasks at the end of the event loop to make sure we service
any expired tasks and get an accurate next time delay.
- EpollEventLoop maintains a volatile variable which represents the next deadline to expire. This variable is modified inside the event loop thread (before calling epoll_wait) and out side the event loop thread (immediately to ensure proper wakeup time).
- Execute the task queue before the schedule task priority queue. This means we
may delay the processing of scheduled tasks but it ensures we transfer all
pending tasks from the task queue to the scheduled priority queue to run the
soonest to expire scheduled task first.
- Deprecate IORatio on EpollEventLoop, and drain the executor and scheduled queue on each event loop wakeup. Coupling the amount of time we are allowed to drain the executor queue to a proportion of time we process inbound IO may lead to unbounded queue sizes and unpredictable latency.
Result:
Fixes https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/7829
- In most cases this results in less calls to timerfd_settime
- Less event loop wakeups just to check for scheduled tasks executed outside the event loop
- More predictable executor queue and scheduled task queue draining
- More accurate and responsive scheduled task execution
Motivation:
Users' runtime systems may have incompatible dynamic libraries to the ones our
tcnative wrappers link to. Unfortunately, we cannot determine and catch these
scenarios (in which the JVM crashes) but we can make a more educated guess on
what library to load and try to find one that works better before crashing.
Modifications:
1) Build dynamically linked openSSL builds for more OSs (netty-tcnative)
2) Load native linux libraries with matching classifier (first)
Result:
More developers / users can use the dynamically-linked native libraries.
Motivation:
We did miss to call reclaimSpace(...) in one case which can lead to the situation of having the Recycler to not correctly reclaim space and so just create new objects when not needed.
Modifications:
Correctly call reclaimSpace(...)
Result:
Recycler correctly reclaims space in all situations.
Motivation:
Netty homepage(netty.io) serves both "http" and "https".
It's recommended to use https than http.
Modification:
I changed from "http://netty.io" to "https://netty.io"
Result:
No effects.
Motivation:
There are is some unnecessary code (like toString() calls) which can be cleaned up.
Modifications:
- Remove not needed toString() calls
- Simplify subString(...) calls
- Remove some explicit casts when not needed.
Result:
Cleaner code
Motivation:
There is some manual coping of elements of Collections which can be replaced by Collections.addAll(...) and also some unnecessary semicolons.
Modifications:
- Simplify branches
- Use Collections.addAll
- Code cleanup
Result:
Code cleanup
Motivation:
Some methods that either override others or are implemented as part of implementation an interface did miss the `@Override` annotation
Modifications:
Add missing `@Override`s
Result:
Code cleanup
Motivation:
asList should only be used if there are multiple elements.
Modification:
Call to asList with only one argument could be replaced with singletonList
Result:
Cleaner code and a bit of memory savings
Motivation:
Sometimes it is desirable to be able to use a different Queue implementation for the EventLoop of a Channel. This is currently not possible without resort to reflection.
Modifications:
- Add a new constructor to Nio|Epoll|KQueueEventLoopGroup which allows to specify a factory which is used to create the task queue. This was the user can override the default implementation.
- Add test
Result:
Be able to change Queue that is used for the EventLoop.
Motivation
A Semaphore is currently dedicated to this purpose but a simple
CountDownLatch will do.
Modification
Remove private threadLock Semaphore from SingleThreadEventExecutor and just use a CountDownLatch.
Also eliminate use of PlatformDependent.throwException() in startThread
method, and combine some nested if clauses.
Result
Cleaner EventLoop termination notification.
Motivation:
OOME is occurred by increasing suppressedExceptions because other libraries call Throwable#addSuppressed. As we have no control over what other libraries do we need to ensure this can not lead to OOME.
Modifications:
Only use static instances of the Exceptions if we can either dissable addSuppressed or we run on java6.
Result:
Not possible to OOME because of addSuppressed. Fixes https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/9151.
Motivation
@xiaoheng1 reported incorrect behaviour of AsciiString.lastIndexOf in
#9099. Upon closer inspection it appears that it was never implemented
correctly and searches between the provided index and the end of the
string similar to indexOf(...), rather than between the provided index
and the beginning of the string as the javadoc states (and in line with
java.lang.String).
Modifications
Fix AsciiString.lastIndexOf implementation and corresponding unit tests
to behave the same as the equivalent String methods.
Result
Fixes#9099
Motivation:
An instance is always equal to itself. It makes sense to skip processing for this case, which isn't uncommon since `AsciiString` is often memoized within an application when used as HTTP header names.
Modification:
`contentEquals` methods first check for instance equality before doing processing.
Result:
`contentEquals` will be faster when comparing an instance with itself.
I couldn't find any unit tests for these methods, only the static version. Let me know if I should add something to `AsciiStringCharacterTest`.
Came up here:
https://github.com/line/armeria/pull/1731#discussion_r280396280
Motivation:
GraalVM native images are a new way to deliver java applications. Netty is one of the most popular libraries however there are a few limitations that make it impossible to use with native images out of the box. Adding a few metadata (in specific modules will allow the compilation to success and produce working binaries)
Modification:
Added properties files in `META-INF` and substitutions classes (under `internal.svm`) will solve the compilation issues. The substitutions classes are not visible and do not have a public constructor so they are not visible to end users.
Result:
Fixes#8959
This fix is very conservative as it applies the minimum config required to build:
* pure netty servers
* vert.x applications
* grpc applications
The build is having trouble due to checkstyle which does not seem to be able to find the copyright notice on property files.
